Layer Name: mrdata.carbonatite.carbonatitev (ID: 0)

bbox:	Example: -180,-90,180,90
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filter-lang:	cql2-text SQL Where(Default)
filter:	Example: OBJECTID < 3
filter-crs:
fidset:	Example: 1,2,3
Datetime:	Example: 2018-02-12T00:00:00Z/P1M6DT12H31M12S
properties:	Example: rec_id,depname,deptype,depage,json,url,wgs84_geom
Return Geometry:	True   False
offset:	(positive number)
limit:	(positive number)
resultType:	results hits
Format:	html json

numberMatched: 0
numberReturned: 60

id: 1
rec_id: 1
depname: Bonga
deptype: 10
depage: 138–130 K-Ar; 112±8 Rb-Sr (biotite)
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/1","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[13.967222222222,-14.268055555556]},"properties":{"country":"Angola","cntrycd":"ANGL","stprov":"Benguela","depname":"Bonga","latitude":"-14.2680555555556","latdeg":-14,"latmin":-16,"latsec":-5,"longitude":"13.9672222222222","londeg":13,"lonmin":58,"lonsec":2,"discdate":"1950","mintype":"apatitic carbonatite, rauhaugite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"824","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.48","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"Kamitani and Hirano (1990)","depage":"138\u0096130 K-Ar; 112\u00b18 Rb-Sr (biotite)","agemy":"130","tectset":"Cretaceous Mo\u00e7amedes Arch in easternmost part of Paran\u00e1-Angola-Etendeka alkaline province at junction of Brazilian and Angolan shields","rocks":"carbonatite, fenite","rocksmap":"granite gneiss (Proterozoic); alkali gabbro, ijolite, nepheline syenite, phonolite, tephrite (Cretaceous Mt. Tchivira complex)","orebody_fm":"plug","ore_a":"4","ore_area":"12.6","ore_b":"4","alttype":"brecciation, fenitization (ring)","altwidth":"0.5","dep5km":"10","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"garnet"}],"reference":["Alberti, A, Castorina, F., Censi, P., Comin-Chiaramonti, P., and Gomes, C.B., 1999, Geochemical characteristics of Cretaceous carbonatites from Angola: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 29, no. 4, p. 736\u0096759.","Coltorti, M., Alberti, A., Beccaluva, L., Dos Santos, A.B., Mazzucchelli, M., Morais, E., Rivalenti, G., and Siena F., 1993, The Tchivira-Bonga alkaline-carbonatite complex (Angola)\u0097petrological study and comparison with some Brazilian analogues: The European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 5, no. 6, p. 1001\u00961024.","Kamitani, M., and Hirano, H., 1990, Important carbonatite-alkaline\/alkaline complexes and related mineral resources in the world: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 631\u0096640.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 3\u0097Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=1

id: 2
rec_id: 2
depname: Cummins Range
deptype: 10
depage: 1012±12 U-Pb, zircon; 854±57 K-Ar pyroxene
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/2","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[127.1625,-19.286666666667]},"properties":{"country":"Australia","cntrycd":"AUWA","stprov":"West Australia","depname":"Cummins Range","latitude":"-19.2866666666667","latdeg":-19,"latmin":-17,"latsec":-12,"longitude":"127.1625","londeg":127,"lonmin":9,"lonsec":45,"discdate":"1978","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"3.55","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"2","p2o5":"11.2","grades":"Jaques (2008); 1% Re2O3 cutoff to 80 m depth within weathered zone, including 216 ppm U3O8","depage":"1012\u00b112 U-Pb, zircon; 854\u00b157 K-Ar pyroxene","agemy":"1012","tectset":"southern apex of Precambrian Kimberley block at junction of Halls Creek and King Leopold mobile zones","rocks":"breccia, carbonatite, carbonatized pyroxenite, pyroxenite","rocksmap":"gneiss, graywacke, phyllite, slate (Archean)","orebody_fm":"plug","ore_a":"1.8","ore_area":"2.4","ore_b":"1.7","alttype":"amphibolization, carbonatization","altwidth":"0","comments":"At +2% Re2O3 cutoff: 1.1 Mt at 3.5% Re2O3 and 1.3 Mt at 414 ppm U3O8 (Jaques, 2008). Best intersections include also 14 m at 0.64% Nb2O5, 18 m at 0.49% ZrO2, 9 m at 0.05% Y2O3 (Navigator, 2007). Apatitic rocks contain ?1.27% SrO.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"aeschynite"},{"role":"ore","name":"allanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphene"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"alkali amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"chlorite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"diopside"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"}],"reference":["Andrew, R.L., 1990, Cummins Range carbonatite, in Hughes, F.E., ed., Geology of the mineral deposits of Australia and Papua New Guinea: Melbourne, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph 14, v. 1, p. 711\u0096713.","Jaques, A.L., 2008, Australian carbonatites\u0097their resources and geodynamic setting: 9th International Kimberlite Conference. Extended Abstract no. 91KC-A-00347, 3 p.","Navigator Resources Ltd., 2007, Rare Cummins Range, July 17, 2007, 6 p.,","http:\/\/http:\/\/www.navigatorresources.com.au\/asx\/NAVASXCummins17July2007Final.pdf (last visited February 3, 2009)","Navigator Resources Ltd., 2007, High grade rare earths confirmed at Cummins Range, September 18, 2007, 5 p., http:\/\/www.navigatorresources.com.au\/asx\/NAVASXCummins18-09-07FinalRevised.pdf (last visited February 3, 2009)","Navigator Resources Ltd., 2007, Quaterly Report, December 31, 2007, 17 p.,","http:\/\/www.asx.com.au\/asxpdf\/20080131\/pdf\/3177clpzl3r380.pdf (last visited February 3, 2009)"]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=2

id: 3
rec_id: 3
depname: Mount Weld
deptype: 10
depage: 2025
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/3","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[122.54805555556,-28.864444444444]},"properties":{"country":"Australia","cntrycd":"AUWA","stprov":"West Australia","depname":"Mount Weld","latitude":"-28.8644444444444","latdeg":-28,"latmin":-51,"latsec":-52,"longitude":"122.548055555556","londeg":122,"lonmin":32,"lonsec":53,"discdate":"1966","startdate":"2007","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"270","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.9","ree":"0.63","p2o5":"16.7","grades":"indicated resources include 270 Mt at 0.9% Nb2O5, 15.2 Mt at 11.2% RE2O3, 250 Mt at 18% P2O5, and 145 Mt at 0.034% Ta2O5 (Duncan and Willett, 1990; Jaques, 2008; Lynas Corp., 2008)","depage":"2025","agemy":"2025","tectset":"Eastern Goldfields province of Precambrian Yilgarn craton; Laverton tectonic zone","rocks":"breccia, carbonatite, glimmerite","rocksmap":"conglomerate, mafic volcanics, metasediments (Archean)","orebody_fm":"plug","ore_a":"3","ore_area":"7","ore_b":"3","alttype":"glimmeritization, fenitization (ring)","altwidth":"0.5","comments":"Re2O3 grade includes lantanides and yttrium oxides. Ore bearing regolith ?90 m thick.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"allanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"beudantite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ce-crandallite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cerianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cheralite"},{"role":"ore","name":"churchite"},{"role":"ore","name":"florencite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"gorceixite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"manganite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"nb-ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"nb-rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"psilomelane"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegirine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"fe-phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"jacobsite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"kaolinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"mg-crocidolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"montmorillonite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"riebeckite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"tremolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Duncan, R.K., and Willet, G.D., 1990, Mount Weld carbonatite, in Hughes, F.E., ed., Geology of the mineral deposits of Australia and Papua New Guinea: Melbourne, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph 14, v. 1, p. 591\u0096597.","Graham, S., Lambert, D., and Shee, S., 2004, The petrogenesis of carbonatite, melnoite and kimberlite from the Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn Craton: Lithos, v. 76, p. 519\u0096533.","Jaques, A.L., 2008, Australian carbonatites\u0097their resources and geodynamic setting: 9th International Kimberlite Conference. Extended Abstract no. 91KC-A-00347, 3 p.","Lottermoser, B., 1990, Rare-earth mineralisation within the Mt. Weld carbonatite laterite, Western Australia: Lithos, v. 24, p. 151\u0096167.","Lottermoser, B., 1990, Ore minerals Mt. Weld rare-earth element deposit, Western Australia: Applied Earth Science, v.104, p. B203\u0096B209.","Lottermoser, B., and England, B.M., 1988, Compositional variation in pyrochlores from the Mt. Weld carbonatite laterite, Western Australia: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 38, p. 37\u009651.","Lynas Corporation, 2008, Annual Report, 88 p.:","http:\/\/www.lynascorp.com\/content\/upload\/files\/Reports\/6854_Lynas_AR08_FINAL.pdf (last visited February 4, 2009)","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=3

id: 4
rec_id: 4
depname: Araxa
deptype: 10
depage: 98–77, K-Ar, Ar-Ar, U-Pb
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/4","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-46.941944444444,-19.661111111111]},"properties":{"country":"Brazil","cntrycd":"BRZL","stprov":"Minas Gerais","depname":"Araxa","altname":"Barreiro","latitude":"-19.6611111111111","latdeg":-19,"latmin":-39,"latsec":-40,"longitude":"-46.9419444444444","londeg":-46,"lonmin":-56,"lonsec":-31,"mintype":"beforsite","oreton":"462","deptype":10,"niobium":"2.48","ree":"0.234","p2o5":"15","grades":"Singer (1998), Orris and Grauch (2002)","depage":"98\u009677, K-Ar, Ar-Ar, U-Pb","agemy":"85","tectset":"Cretaceous Alta Parana\u00edba igneous province in Proterozoic Brasilia belt dividing S\u00e3o Francisco craton and Paran\u00e1 basin","rocks":"carbonatite, glimmerite, lamprophyre, phoscorite","rocksmap":"quartzite, biotite schist (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"circular plug","ore_a":"4.5","ore_area":"15.9","ore_b":"4.5","alttype":"fenitization, glimmerization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Laterite ore ?200 m thick, 8 Mt at 13.5% Re2O3, 2% Nb2O5, 0.05% U3O8 (Orris and Grauch, 2002).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"ancylite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ba-pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"burbankite"},{"role":"ore","name":"calzirtite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ce-pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"chromite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"gorceixite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goyazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"isokite"},{"role":"ore","name":"limonite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zirkelite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"alunite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"anthophyllite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"arfvedsonite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"barytocalcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"b\u00f6mite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"breunnerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"eckermannite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"gibbsite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"kaolinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"norsethite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Kamitani, M., and Hirano, H., 1990, Araxa carbonatite deposit and its lateratization: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 594\u0096604.","Nasraoui, M., and Waerenborgh, J., 2001, Fe speciation in weathered pyrochlore-group minerals from the Lueshe and Arax\u00e1 (Barreiro) carbonatites by 57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy: The Canadian Mineralogist, v. 39, p. 1073\u00961080.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Silva, A.B., 1986, Jazida de ni\u00f3bio de Arax\u00e1, Minas Gerais, in Schobbenhaus, C., and Silva Coelho, C.E., eds., Principas dep\u00f3sitos minerais do Brasil, v. 2, Cap\u00edtulo 25: Brasilia, Departmento Nacional da Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Mineral, p. 435\u0096453.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Traversa, G., Gomes, C.B., Brotzu, P., Baraglini, P., Morbidelli, L., Principato, S.M., Ronca, S., and Ruberti, E., 2001, Petrography and mineral chemistry of carbonatites and mica-rich rocks from the Arax\u00e1 complex (Alta Parana\u00edba province, Brazil): Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci\u00eancias, v. 73, no. 1, p. 1\u009632.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=4

id: 5
rec_id: 5
depname: Catalao I
deptype: 10
depage: 82.9±4.2 K-Ar, whole rock
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/5","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-47.799722222222,-18.13]},"properties":{"country":"Brazil","cntrycd":"BRZL","stprov":"Goias","depname":"Catalao I","latitude":"-18.13","latdeg":-18,"latmin":-7,"latsec":-48,"longitude":"-47.7997222222222","londeg":-47,"lonmin":-47,"lonsec":-59,"startdate":"1976","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"46","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.34","ree":"1.3","p2o5":"8.9","grades":"calculated from Carvalho and Bressan (2005), Singer (1998)","depage":"82.9\u00b14.2 K-Ar, whole rock","agemy":"83","tectset":"Cretaceous Alta Parana\u00edba igneous province in the Proterozoic Brasilia belt dividing S\u00e3o Francisco craton and Paran\u00e1 basin","rocks":"carbonatite, dunite, glimmerite, pyroxenite","rocksmap":"quartzite, schist (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"round alkali-carbonatite intrusion","ore_a":"5.25","ore_area":"20.6","ore_b":"5","alttype":"fenitization (circular)","altwidth":"0.3","dep10km":"10","comments":"Deposit is obscured by thick mantle of lateritic soils. Additional reserves: 422 Mt at >5% P2O5; 278 Mt at >10% TiO2, 10 Mt at >10% vermiculite (Carvalho and Bressan, 2005). Diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes are located 20 km SE (Vaaldiam Res., 2008).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"ancylite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"collophane"},{"role":"ore","name":"florencite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"gorceixite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goyazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"lusungite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrolusite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rhabdophane"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphene"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"b\u00f6mite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"gibbsite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"kaolinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"nepheline"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"serpentine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"svanbergite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vivianite"}],"reference":["Carvalho, W.T., and Bressen, S.R., 1989, The phosphate deposit of Catal\u00e3o I ultramafic alkaline complex, Goias, Brazil, in Notholt, A.J.G., Sheldon, R.P., and Davidson, D.F., eds., Phosphate deposits of the world: Cambridge University Press, v. 2, p.104\u0096110.","Gierth, E., and Baecker, M.L., 1986, A mineraliza\u00e7\u00e3o de ni\u00f3bio e as rochas alcalinas associadas no complexo Catal\u00e3o I, Goi\u00e1s: in Schobbenhaus, C., and Silva Coelho, C.E., eds., Principas dep\u00f3sitos minerais do Brasil, v. 2, Cap\u00edtulo 26: Brasilia, Departmento Nacional da Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Mineral, p. 455\u0096462.","Guimar\u00e3es, H.N., and Weiss, R.A., 2008, The complexity of the niobium deposits in the alkaline- ultramafic intrusions Catal\u00e3o I and II \u0096 Brazil, 15 p.,","http:\/\/www.cbmm.com.br\/portug\/sources\/techlib\/science_techno\/table_content\/sub_1\/ images\/pdfs\/002A.pdf (last visited February 4, 2009)","Kamitani, M., and Hirano, H., 1990, Important carbonatite-alkaline\/alkaline complexes and related mineral resources in the world: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 631\u0096640.","Morikiyo, T., Hirano, H., and Matsuhisa, Y., 1990, Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of the carbonates from the Jacupiranga and Catalao I carbonatite complexes, Brazil: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 619\u0096626.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Palmieri, M., Pereira, G.S.B., Brod, J.A., Junqueira-Brod. T.C., Petrinovic, I.A., and Ferrari, A.J.D., 2008, Orbicular magnetite from the Catal\u00e3o I phoscorite-carbonatite complex: International Kimberlite Conference Abstract no. 9IKC-A-00337, 3 p.","Schobbenhaus, C., 1986, Geologia do ni\u00f3bio e do t\u00e2ntalo: in Schobbenhaus, C., and Silva Coelho, C.E., eds., Principas dep\u00f3sitos minerais do Brasil, v. 2, Cap\u00edtulo 24: Brasilia, Departmento Nacional da Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Mineral, p. 429\u0096434.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Toledo, de, M.C.M.,, Lenharo, S.L.R., Ferrari, V.C., Fontan, F., Parseval, de, P., and Leroy, G., 2004, The compositional evolution of apatite in the weathering profile of the Catal\u00e3o I alkaline-carbonatitic complx, Goias, Brazil: The Canadian Mineralogist, v. 42, p. 1139\u00961158.","Vaaldiam Resources Ltd., 2008, Catalao kimberlites, 5 p.:","http:\/\/www.vaaldiam.com\/mining\/catalao.html (last visited February 4, 2009)","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=5

id: 6
rec_id: 6
depname: Catalao II
deptype: 10
depage: 82.9±4.2 K-Ar, syenite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/6","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-47.874444444444,-18.048055555556]},"properties":{"country":"Brazil","cntrycd":"BRZL","stprov":"Goias","depname":"Catalao II","latitude":"-18.0480555555556","latdeg":-18,"latmin":-2,"latsec":-53,"longitude":"-47.8744444444444","londeg":-47,"lonmin":-52,"lonsec":-28,"mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"2","deptype":10,"niobium":"2.18","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"tonnage-grade of lateritic mantle (Woolley, 1987)","depage":"82.9\u00b14.2 K-Ar, syenite","agemy":"83","tectset":"Cretaceous Alta Parana\u00edba igneous province in the Proterozoic Brasilia belt dividing S\u00e3o Francisco craton and Paran\u00e1 basin","rocks":"carbonatite, glimmerite, lamprophyre, phoscorite, pyroxenite, syenite","rocksmap":"quartzite, schist (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"NE elongated bicentric intrusion","ore_a":"5","ore_area":"10.6","ore_b":"2.7","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","dep10km":"10","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"ba-pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goyazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"ree-phosphates"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite |"},{"role":"gangue","name":"alkali-feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"kaolinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"na-amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"serpentine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Guimaraes, H.N., and Weiss, R.A., 2008, The complexity of the niobium deposits in the alkaline- ultramafic intrusions Catalao I and II \u0096 Brazil, 15 p.:","http:\/\/www.cbmm.com.br\/portug\/sources\/techlib\/science_techno\/table_content\/sub_1\/images\/pdfs\/002A.pdf (last visited February 5, 2009)","Morikiyo, T., Hirano, H., and Matsuhisa, Y., 1990, Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of the carbonates from the Jacupiranga and Catalao I carbonatite complexes, Brazil: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 619\u0096626.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=6

id: 7
rec_id: 7
depname: Jacupiranga
deptype: 10
depage: 130±5, K-Ar; 131±3, Sr-Sr isochrone
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/7","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-48.1325,-24.700833333333]},"properties":{"country":"Brazil","cntrycd":"BRZL","stprov":"Sao Paulo","depname":"Jacupiranga","latitude":"-24.7008333333333","latdeg":-24,"latmin":-42,"latsec":-3,"longitude":"-48.1325","londeg":-48,"lonmin":-7,"lonsec":-57,"startdate":"1970","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"97","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"0","p2o5":"5.59","grades":"Hirano and others (1990)","depage":"130\u00b15, K-Ar; 131\u00b13, Sr-Sr isochrone","agemy":"130","tectset":"Cretaceous Paran\u00e1 alkaline province at Brazilian shield","rocks":"carbonatite, ijolite, peridotite, jacupirangite, nepheline syenite","rocksmap":"granodiorite, schist (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"two close plugs extended along NNW structure","ore_a":"1","ore_area":"0.3","ore_b":"0.4","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Alkaline ultramafic complex of 65 sq. km area includes central late carbonatite plug of 0.3 sq. km area. Secondary hydrothermal Sr-Ba-REE-assemblage in carbonatite that contains insignificant Nb mineralization (pyrochlore and ?3.68% Nb2O5+Ta2O5 in ilmenite).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"allanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ancylite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"calzirtite"},{"role":"ore","name":"carbocernaite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrophanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zirconolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ba-phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"barytocalcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"forsterite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"monticellite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"norsethite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"serpentine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"spinel"}],"reference":["Bellatreccia, F., Della Ventura, G., Carpilli, E., Williams, C.T., and Parodi, G.C., 1999, Crystal-chemistry of zirconolite and calzirtite from Jacupiranga, S\u00e3o Paulo (Brazil): Mineralogical Magazine, v. 63, no. 5, p. 649\u0096660.","Born, H., 2005, The Jacupiranga apatite deposit, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, in Notholt, A.J.G., Sheldon, R.P., and Davidson, D.F., eds., Phosphate deposits of the world: Cambridge University Press, v. 2, p.111\u0096115.","Costanzo, A., Moore, K.R., Wall, F., and Feely, M., 2006, Fluid inclusions in apatite from Jacupiranga calcite carbonatites\u0097Evidence for a fluid-stratified carbonatite magma chamber: Lithos, v. 91, p. 208\u0096228.","Gaspar, J.C., and Wyllie, P.J., 1983, Ilmenite (high Mg, Mn, Nb) in the carbonatites from the Jacupiranga Complex, Brazil: American Mineralogist; October 1983; v. 68; no. 9-10; p. 960\u0096971.","Hirano, H., Kamitani, M., and Daix, E.C., 1990, Jacupirango carbonatites in Sao Paulo State, Brazil\u0097Their mode of occurrence: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 605\u0096610.","Huang, Y.-M., Hawkesworth, C.J., van Calsteren, P., and McDermott, F., 1995, Geochemical characteristics and origin of Jacupiranga carbonatites, Brazil: Chemical Geology, v. 119, p. 79\u009699.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=7

id: 8
rec_id: 8
depname: Salitre
deptype: 10
depage: 82.7±4.2 to 78.7±4.0, biotite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/8","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-46.781111111111,-19.034166666667]},"properties":{"country":"Brazil","cntrycd":"BRZL","stprov":"Minas Gerais","depname":"Salitre","includes":"Salitre I and II","latitude":"-19.0341666666667","latdeg":-19,"latmin":-2,"latsec":-3,"longitude":"-46.7811111111111","londeg":-46,"lonmin":-46,"lonsec":-52,"mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"200","deptype":10,"niobium":"2","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"Singer (1998)","depage":"82.7\u00b14.2 to 78.7\u00b14.0, biotite","agemy":"81","tectset":"Cretaceous Alta Parana\u00edba igneous province in the Proterozoic Brasilia belt dividing S\u00e3o Francisco craton and Paran\u00e1 basin","rocks":"bebedourite (phlogopitic pyroxenite), carbonatite, phoscorite, syenite, trachyte","rocksmap":"quartzite, schist (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"plug in pyroxenite-syenite complex of 35 sq. km area","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"84 Mt at 23.28% TiO2 in Salitre I; 92 Mt at 13.0 TiO2 in Salitre II (Kamitani and Hirano, 1990).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegirine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegirine-augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"cancrinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"diopside"},{"role":"gangue","name":"melanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"nepheline"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"zeolite"}],"reference":["Barbosa, E.S., Junqueira-Brod, T.C., Brod, J.A., and Dantas, E.L., 2008, Petrology of bebedourites from the Salitre phoscorite-carbonatite complex, Brazil: 9th International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstrac no 91KC-A-00332, 3 p.","Gomes, C.B., Ruberti, E., and Morbidelli, L., 1990, Carbonatite complexes from Brazil\u0097A review: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 3, no. 1, p. 51\u009663.","Kamitani, M., and Hirano, H., 1990, Important carbonatite-alkaline\/alkaline complexes and related mineral resources in the world: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 631\u0096640.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Ulbrich, H.H.G.J., and Gomes, C.B., 1981, Alkaline rocks from continental Brazil: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 17, p. 135\u0096154.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=8

id: 9
rec_id: 9
depname: Seis Lagos
deptype: 10
depage: Cretaceous (?)
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/9","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-66.680277777778,0.28194444444444]},"properties":{"country":"Brazil","cntrycd":"BRZL","stprov":"Amazonas","depname":"Seis Lagos","altname":"Morro dos Seis Lagos","latitude":"0.281944444444444","latmin":16,"latsec":55,"longitude":"-66.6802777777778","londeg":-66,"lonmin":-40,"lonsec":-49,"discdate":"1975","mintype":"beforsite","oreton":"2898","deptype":10,"niobium":"2.81","ree":"1.5","p2o5":"0","grades":"Cuadros Justo and de Souza (1986), Kamitani and Hirano (1990)","depage":"Cretaceous (?)","agemy":"100","tectset":"Guyana shield","rocks":"breccia, carbonatite, syenite","rocksmap":"gneiss, migmatite (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"3 plugs of 4, 0.9, and 0.8 km in diameter, along NS zone 8 km long","ore_a":"4","ore_area":"12.6","ore_b":"4","alttype":"laterite","altwidth":"0","comments":"1.5% Re2O3, 0.07% ThO2, and 0.09% V2O5 reported in lateritic cover ~230 m thick (Woolley, 1987). The largest Nb deposit in the world. CarbBodyArea value reflects the main plug only.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"crandallite"},{"role":"ore","name":"florencite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"limonite"},{"role":"ore","name":"nb-brookite"},{"role":"ore","name":"nb-rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"}],"reference":["Cuadros Justo, L.J.E., and Souza de, M.M., 1986, Jazida de ni\u00f3bio do morro dos Seis Lagos, Amazonas: in Schobbenhaus, C., and Silva Coelho, C.E., eds., Principas dep\u00f3sitos minerais do Brasil, v. 2, Cap\u00edtulo 37: Brasilia, Departmento Nacional da Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Mineral, p. 463\u0096468.","Gomes, C.B., Ruberti, E., and Morbidelli, L., 1990, Carbonatite complexes from Brazil\u0097A review: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 3, no. 1, p. 51\u009663.","Jacobi, P., 2009, Seis Lagos the largest niobium reserve in the world is still waiting to be developed, 5 p.: http:\/\/www.geologo.com.br\/seislagos.asp (last visited February 6, 2009)","Kamitani, M., and Hirano, H., 1990, Important carbonatite-alkaline\/alkaline complexes and related mineral resources in the world: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 631\u0096640.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Ulbrich, H.H.G.J., and Gomes, C.B., 1981, Alkaline rocks from continental Brazil: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 17, p. 135\u0096154.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=9

id: 30
rec_id: 30
depname: Mabounie
deptype: 10
depage: 660±13 K-Ar, phlogopite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/30","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[10.368888888889,-0.59277777777778]},"properties":{"country":"Gabon","cntrycd":"GABN","stprov":"Moyen-Ogoou\u00e9","depname":"Mabounie","latitude":"-0.592777777777778","latmin":-35,"latsec":-34,"longitude":"10.3688888888889","londeg":10,"lonmin":22,"lonsec":8,"discdate":"1986","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"380","deptype":10,"niobium":"1.02","ree":"2.52","p2o5":"24","grades":"Orris and Chernoff (2002), REE grade from Jackson and Christiansen (1993)","depage":"660\u00b113 K-Ar, phlogopite","agemy":"660","tectset":"Western branch of Pan-African tectonic belt; Ikoye-Ikobe fault system","rocks":"carbonatite, fenite, syenite","rocksmap":"gneiss, migmatite (Precambrian), trachyte dike","orebody_fm":"central plug in carbonatite-alkaline complex","ore_a":"1.2","ore_area":"0.8","ore_b":"1.2","alttype":"fenitization (ring)","altwidth":"1","comments":"Resource of residual lateritic cover 30\u0096120 m thick.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite (veins)"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"crandallite"},{"role":"ore","name":"florencite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"xenotime"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"kaolinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"}],"reference":["Jackson, W.D., and Christiansen, G., 1993, International strategic inventory summary report-\u0096rare-earth oxides: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930-N, 68 p.","Laval, M., Johan, V., and Tourli\u00e9re, B., 1988, La carbonatite de Mabouni\u00e9: exemple de formation d\u0092un g\u00eete r\u00e9siduel \u00e0 pyrochlore: Chronique de la Recherche Miniere, v. 56, no. 491, p. 125\u0096136.","Laval, M., and Piantone, P., 1989, Niobium deposit of Mabounie (Gabon): 28th International Geological Congress, Abstracts, v. 2, p. 2-263.","Laval, M., Piantone, P., Freyssinet, P., and Kosakevitch, A., 1993, Role of florencite and pyrochlore in the behavior of REE during lateritization\u0097Example of Mabounie carbonatite (Gabon): Terra Abstracts v. 5, no. 3, p. 25\u009626.","Milesi, J.P., Toteu, S.F., Deschamps, Y., and others, 2006, An overview of the geology and major ore deposits of Central Africa: explanatory note for the 1:4,000,000 map \u0093Geology and major ore deposits of Central Africa\u0094: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 44, p. 571\u0096595.","Orris, G.J., and Chernoff, C.B., 2002, Data set of world phosphate mines, deposits, and occurrences\u0097Part B. Location and mineral economic data: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 02-0156B, 328 p.","Piantone, P., Itard, Y., Pillard, F., and Boulingui, B., 1995, Compositional variation in pyrochlores from the weathered Mabouni\u00e9 carbonatite (Gabon), in Pasava, J., Kribek, B., and Zak, K., eds., Mineral deposits; from their origin to their environmental impacts: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema Publishers, Third Biennial SGA Meeting, p. 629\u0096632.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=30

id: 31
rec_id: 31
depname: Amba Dongar
deptype: 10
depage: 65±0.3 Ar-Ar, phlogopite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/31","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[74.061666666667,21.9875]},"properties":{"country":"India","cntrycd":"INDA","stprov":"Gujarat","depname":"Amba Dongar","latitude":"21.9875","latdeg":21,"latmin":59,"latsec":15,"longitude":"74.0616666666667","londeg":74,"lonmin":3,"lonsec":42,"startdate":"1970","mintype":"Fe-carbonatite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"11.6","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"1.06","p2o5":"0","grades":"30% CaF2 (Viladkar, 1981); Re2O3 approximate grade calculated from Viladkar and Dulski (1986).","depage":"65\u00b10.3 Ar-Ar, phlogopite","agemy":"65","tectset":"Indian craton; Narmada rift zone","rocks":"carbonatite breccia, carbonatite, nepheline syenite, nephelinite, phonolite","rocksmap":"basalt (Eocene), limestone, sandstone (Cretaceous), fragments of metamorphic rocks (Precambrian), syenite plugs","orebody_fm":"alkali-carbonatite intrusion","ore_a":"4.5","ore_area":"10.6","ore_b":"3","alttype":"fenitization (ring)","altwidth":"0.15","comments":"Produced fluorite only. Fluorite disseminated in carbonatite, mainly postdated hydrothermal veins and replacement bodies in carbonatite and in brecciated sandstone.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"zirconolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dickite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"}],"reference":["Gwalani, L.G., Rock, N.M.S., Chang, W.-J., Fernandez, S., All\u00e9gre, C.J., and Prinzhofer, A., 1993, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of Amba Dongar and adjacent areas, Deccan igneous province, Gujarat, India\u00971. Geology, petrography and petrochemistry: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 47, p. 219\u0096253.","Palmer, D.A.S., and Williams-Jones, A.E., 1996, Genesis of the carbonatite-hosted fluorite deposit at Amba Dongar, India\u0097Evidence from fluid inclusions, stable isotopes, and whole rock-mineral geochemistry: Economic Geology, v. 91, p. 934\u0096950.","Ray, J.S., Ramesh, R., Pande, K., Trivedi, J.R., Shukla, P.N., and Patel, P.P., 2000, Isotope and rare earth element chemistry of carbonatite-alkaline complexes of Deccan volcanic province\u0097Implications to magmatic and alteration processes: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 177\u0096194.","Simonetti, A., and Bell, K., 1995, Nd, Rb, and Sr isotope systematics of fluorite at the Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, India\u0097Evidence for hydrothermal and crustal fluid mixing: Economic Geology, v. 60, p. 2018\u00962027.","Viladkar, S.G., 1981,The carbonatites of Amba Dongar, Gujarat, India: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, v. 53, p. 17\u009628.","Viladkar, S.G., and Dulski, P., 1986, Rare earth element abundances in carbonatites, alkaline rocks and fenites of the Amba Dongar complex, Gujarat, India: Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Mineralogie, Monatshefte, H. 1, p. 37\u009648."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=31

id: 10
rec_id: 10
depname: Serra Negra
deptype: 10
depage: 81.6 K-Ar, biotite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/10","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-46.886666666667,-18.920277777778]},"properties":{"country":"Brazil","cntrycd":"BRZL","stprov":"Minas Gerais","depname":"Serra Negra","latitude":"-18.9202777777778","latdeg":-18,"latmin":-55,"latsec":-13,"longitude":"-46.8866666666667","londeg":-46,"lonmin":-53,"lonsec":-12,"mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"200","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"0.9","p2o5":"0","grades":"(Kamitani and Hirano, 1990), REE grade approximately calculated","depage":"81.6 K-Ar, biotite","agemy":"82","tectset":"Cretaceous Alta Parana\u00edba igneous province in the Proterozoic Brasilia belt dividing S\u00e3o Francisco craton and Paran\u00e1 basin","rocks":"carbonatite, dunite, jacupirangite, peridotite, shonkinite","rocksmap":"phyllite, quartzite (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"oval carbonatite-alkaline intrusive complex","ore_area":"65","alttype":"fenitization (weak)","altwidth":"0","comments":"200 Mt at 27.63% TiO2 (Kamitani and Hirano, 1990); >3% Re2O3 in concentrate, extracted as byproduct (Orris and Grauch, 2002). Lateritic cover 150 m thick at oval intrusive complex 65 sq. km.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"th and u minerals (disseminated)"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"}],"reference":["Gomes, C.B., Ruberti, E., and Morbidelli, L., 1990, Carbonatite complexes from Brazil\u0097A review: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 3, no. 1, p. 51\u009663.","Kamitani, M., and Hirano, H., 1990, Important carbonatite-alkaline\/alkaline complexes and related mineral resources in the world: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 631\u0096640.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Ulbrich, H.H.G.J., and Gomes, C.B., 1981, Alkaline rocks from continental Brazil: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 17, p. 135\u0096154.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=10

id: 11
rec_id: 11
depname: Tapira
deptype: 10
depage: 69.5±3.5 K-Ar, biotite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/11","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-46.835833333333,-19.864444444444]},"properties":{"country":"Brazil","cntrycd":"BRZL","stprov":"Minas Gerais","depname":"Tapira","latitude":"-19.8644444444444","latdeg":-19,"latmin":-51,"latsec":-52,"longitude":"-46.8358333333333","londeg":-46,"lonmin":-50,"lonsec":-9,"discdate":"1966","startdate":"1983","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"166","deptype":10,"niobium":"1.18","ree":"0.03","p2o5":"8.3","grades":"Singer (1998); Jackson and Christiansen (1993)","depage":"69.5\u00b13.5 K-Ar, biotite","agemy":"70","tectset":"Cretaceous Alta Parana\u00edba igneous province in the Proterozoic Brasilia belt dividing S\u00e3o Francisco craton and Paran\u00e1 basin","rocks":"bebedourite, carbonatite, dunite, jacupirangite, peridotite, silexite, syenite, trachyte, tuff","rocksmap":"phyllite, quartzite, schist (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"five plugs and veins inside oval alkali ultramafic complex ~35 sq. km","ore_a":"2.3","ore_area":"2.7","ore_b":"1.5","alttype":"fenitization (irregular)","altwidth":"0","comments":"Lateritic cover is 30 to 200 m thick. According to Kamitani and Hirano (1990), reserves include also 95 Mt at 17.68% TiO2, 921 Mt at 8.32% P2O5. CarbBodyArea value reflects the main plug only.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ba-pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"calzirtite"},{"role":"ore","name":"crandallite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"rhabdophane"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphene"},{"role":"ore","name":"sulfide minerals"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"diopside"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"garnet"},{"role":"gangue","name":"norsethite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Brigatti, M.F., Malferrari, D., Medici, L., Ottolini, L., and Poppi, L., 2004, Crystal chemistry of apatites from Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil: European Journal of Mineralogy, v.16, p. 677\u0096685.","Brod, J.A., Gaspar, J.C., Diniz-Pinto, H.S., and Junqueira-Brod, T.C., 2005, Spinel chemistry and petrogenetic processes in the Tapira alkaline-carbonatite complex, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Revista Brasileira de Geosci\u00eancias, v. 35, no. 1, p. 23\u009632.","Brod, J.A., Junqueira-Brod, T.C., Gaspar, J.C., Gibson, S.A., and Thompson, R.N., 2003, Ti-rich and Ti-poor garnet from Tapira carbonatite complex, SE Brazil\u0097Fingerprinting fractional crystallisation and liquid immiscibility: 8th International Kimberlite Conference, Long Abstract, 5 p.","Gomes, C.B., Ruberti, E., and Morbidelli, L., 1990, Carbonatite complexes from Brazil\u0097A review: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 3, no. 1, p. 51\u009663.","Jackson, W.D., and Christiansen, G., 1993, International strategic inventory summary report-\u0096rare-earth oxides: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930-N, 68 p.","Kamitani, M., and Hirano, H., 1990, Important carbonatite-alkaline\/alkaline complexes and related mineral resources in the world: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 631\u0096640.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Ulbrich, H.H.G.J., and Gomes, C.B., 1981, Alkaline rocks from continental Brazil: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 17, p. 135\u0096154.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=11

id: 12
rec_id: 12
depname: Karonge
deptype: 10
depage: 587±4, La-Ba isochron, bastnaesite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/12","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[29.449166666667,-3.5022222222222]},"properties":{"country":"Burundi","cntrycd":"BRND","depname":"Karonge","altname":"Gakara","latitude":"-3.50222222222222","latdeg":-3,"latmin":-30,"latsec":-8,"longitude":"29.4491666666667","londeg":29,"lonmin":26,"lonsec":57,"discdate":"1940s","startdate":"produced till 1978","oreton":"0.2","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"1.59","p2o5":"0","grades":"Jackson and Christiansen (1993)","depage":"587\u00b14, La-Ba isochron, bastnaesite","agemy":"587","tectset":"East African rift system","rocks":"carbonatite?","rocksmap":"gneiss, granite, pegmatite (Neoproterozoic)","orebody_fm":"veins and stockworks","alttype":"silicification, biotitization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d","comments":"Mineable ore contains 3% bastnaesite. The deposit assumed to have carbonatite source. Veins and stockworks occupy area 20x20 km.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cerianite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"crandallite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluocerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goyazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"molybdenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyromorphite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rhabdophane-(ce)"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"kaolinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"microcline"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Jackson, W.D., and Christiansen, G., 1993, International strategic inventory summary report-\u0096rare-earth oxides: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930-N, 68 p.","Lehman, B., Nakai, S., H\u00f6ndorf, A., Brinckmann, J., Dulski, P., Hein, U.F., and Masuda, A., 1994, REE mineralization at Gakara, Burundi\u0097Evidence for anomalous upper mantle in the western Rift Valley: Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 2, p. 985\u0096992.","Van Wambeke, L., 1977, The Karonge Rare Earth deposits, Republic of Burundi\u0097New mineralogcal-geochemical data and origin of the mineralization: Mineralium Deposita, v. 12, p. 373\u0096380.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=12

id: 13
rec_id: 13
depname: Aley
deptype: 10
depage: 349–339 ± 12 K-Ar, mica
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/13","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-123.74916666667,56.466111111111]},"properties":{"country":"Canada","cntrycd":"CNBC","stprov":"British Columbia","depname":"Aley","latitude":"56.4661111111111","latdeg":56,"latmin":27,"latsec":58,"longitude":"-123.749166666667","londeg":-123,"lonmin":-44,"lonsec":-57,"discdate":"1980","mintype":"rauhaugite, s\u00f6vite","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","depage":"349\u0096339 \u00b1 12 K-Ar, mica","agemy":"344","tectset":"Cambrian\u0096Devonian sedimentary miogeoclinal succession of foreland belt (margin of ancient North American continent)","rocks":"amphibolite, carbonatite, lamprophyre","rocksmap":"dolostone, limestone, marl, sandstone, shale, volcaniclastics (Cambrian\u0096Silurian)","orebody_fm":"cylindrical stock rounded by sheets","ore_a":"3.5","ore_area":"8.2","ore_b":"3","alttype":"amphibolization, fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Prospective resource: 20\u009630 Mt at average 0.75% Nb2O5, >5% P2O5 (MINFILE, 2007). Amphibolitic margin ?1 km wide encircles carbonatite.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"burbankite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cheralite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cordylite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fersmite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"huanghoite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"nb-rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"ore","name":"zirkelite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"chlorite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"na-amphibole (richterite)"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"}],"reference":["Birkett, T.C., and Simandl, G.J., 1999, Carbonatite-associated deposits: magmatic, replacement and residual: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Open File 1999-10, 3 p.,","http:\/\/empr.gov.bcca\/Mining\/Geoscience\/MineralDepositProfiles\/ListbyDepositGroup\/Pages\/","NCarbonatites.aspx (last visited February 9, 2009)","MINFILE, 2007, Aley, developed prospect no. 094B 027, 7 p.; 094B 028, 1 p.,","http:\/\/minfile.gov.bc.ca\/Summary.aspx?minfilno=094B++027 (last visited February 9, 2009)","Pell, J., 1994, Carbonatites, nepheline syenites, kimberlites and related rocks in British Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Bulletin 88, 136 p.","Pell, J., and H\u00f6y, T., 1989, Carbonatite in a continental margin environment\u0096the Canadian Cordillera, in in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites: genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 200\u0096220.","Taseko Mines, Ltd., 2007, News Releases, Nov. 8, 2007, 2 p.,","http:\/\/www.tasekomines.com\/tko\/Aley.asp (last visited February 9, 2009)"]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=13

id: 14
rec_id: 14
depname: Upper Fir
deptype: 10
depage: 328±30 U-Pb, zircon
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/14","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-119.175,52.309444444444]},"properties":{"country":"Canada","cntrycd":"CNBC","stprov":"British Columbia","depname":"Upper Fir","includes":"Fir","latitude":"52.3094444444444","latdeg":52,"latmin":18,"latsec":34,"longitude":"-119.175","londeg":-119,"lonmin":-10,"lonsec":-30,"discdate":"1949","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"26.45","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.12","ree":"0","p2o5":"3.2","grades":"Gorham (2007); Commerce Res. Corp. (2008)","depage":"328\u00b130 U-Pb, zircon","agemy":"360","tectset":"Neoproterozoic metamorphic complex of Omineca crystalline belt of Canadian Cordillera","rocks":"carbonatite, mafic rocks, nepheline syenite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Neoproterozoic)","orebody_fm":"series of sills ?80 m thick","ore_a":"3","ore_area":"2.8","ore_b":"1.2","alttype":"fenitization (0.5 m selvages)","altwidth":"0","dep10km":"10","comments":"0.02% Ta2O5 in ore at 0.015% Ta2O5 cut-off. Carbonatite sills and associated rocks are folded and boudinaged.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fersmite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine-augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"columbite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"sphene"}],"reference":["Commerce Resources Corporation, 2008, Upper Fir Project, 10 p.,","http:\/\/www.commerceresources.com\/s\/UpperFir.asp (last visited February 9, 2009)","Gorham, J.G., 2007, Technical Report on the Upper Fir tantalum-niobium-bearing carbonatite: Commerce Resources Corporation, 66p., http:\/\/www.commerceresources.com\/i\/pdf\/NI43-101UpperFir.pdf (last visited February 9, 2009)","Pell, J., 1994, Carbonatites, nepheline syenites, kimberlites and related rocks in British Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Bulletin 88, 136 p.","Pell, J., and H\u00f6y, T., 1989, Carbonatite in a continental margin environment\u0096the Canadian Cordillera, in in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites: genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 200\u0096220.","Resource Investor, 2008, Commerce Resources Corp. expands tantalum and niobium mineralization at the Upper Fir deposit, 3 p., http:\/\/www.resourceinvestor.com\/s\/pebble.asp?relid=40810 (last visited February 9, 2009)","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=14

id: 15
rec_id: 15
depname: Argor
deptype: 10
depage: 1,655 K-Ar, biotite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/15","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-80.579444444444,50.725277777778]},"properties":{"country":"Canada","cntrycd":"CNON","stprov":"Ontario","depname":"Argor","altname":"James Bay","latitude":"50.7252777777778","latdeg":50,"latmin":43,"latsec":31,"longitude":"-80.5794444444444","londeg":-80,"lonmin":-34,"lonsec":-46,"discdate":"1966","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"56.2","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.52","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"Stockford (1972); RE\/REE (2008)","depage":"1,655 K-Ar, biotite","agemy":"1655","tectset":"Canadian shield Superior province at edge of Paleozoic cover; Kapuskasing structural zone; north end of regional gravity high","rocks":"carbonatite, pyroxenite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Precambrian), sedimentary rocks (Paleozoic cover)","orebody_fm":"lense-shaped body along N fault","ore_a":"2.5","ore_area":"0.59","ore_b":"0.3","alttype":"fenitization ?","altwidth":"0","comments":"The deposit occurs under 30 m glacial till and Paleozoic sedimentary cover; open at depth.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"molybdenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"chlorite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"riebeckite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"}],"reference":["Erdosh, G., 1979, The Ontario carbonatite province and its phosphate potential: Economic Geology, v.74, p. 331\u0096338.","Gittins, J., MacIntyre, R.M., and York, D., 1967, The ages of carbonatite complexes in eastern Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 4, p. 651\u0096655.","RE\/REE in Ontario, 2008, Rare element and rare earth element mineralization and exploration in Ontario, 2 p., http:\/\/www.mndm.gov.on.ca\/mines\/ogs\/resgeol\/rfe\/commodity\/rare-earth.pdf (last visited February 10, 2009)","Sage, R., and Watkinson, D.H., 1991, Alkalic rock-carbonatite complexes of the Superior structural province, northern Ontario, Canada: Chronique de la Recherche Miniere, no. 504, p. 5\u009619.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Stockford, H.R., 1972, The James Bay pyrochlore deposit: Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, 65 (722), p. 61\u009669.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=15

id: 16
rec_id: 16
depname: Lackner Lake
deptype: 10
depage: 1090±25 K-Ar, quartz syenite; 1138±28 and 1078±11, Rb-Sr isochron
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/16","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-83.165,47.747777777778]},"properties":{"country":"Canada","cntrycd":"CNON","stprov":"Ontario","depname":"Lackner Lake","altname":"Nemogos","latitude":"47.7477777777778","latdeg":47,"latmin":44,"latsec":52,"longitude":"-83.165","londeg":-83,"lonmin":-9,"lonsec":-54,"mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"113","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.21","ree":"0.12","p2o5":"3.19","grades":"calculated from Sage and Watkinson (1991)","depage":"1090\u00b125 K-Ar, quartz syenite; 1138\u00b128 and 1078\u00b111, Rb-Sr isochron","agemy":"1090","tectset":"Canadian shield Superior province; Kapuskasing structural zone; south end of regional gravity high","rocks":"carbonatite, ijolite, nepheline syenite, syenite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"carbonatite lens and dikes in circular alkaline complex 6 km in diameter","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Rare earths mostly contained in apatite of Zone no. 6 (Sage and Watkinson, 1991).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine-augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"cancrinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"fayalite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyrophyllite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"riebeckite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"zeolite"}],"reference":["Erdosh, G., 1979, The Ontario carbonatite province and its phosphate potential: Economic Geology, v.74, p. 331\u0096338.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Sage, R., and Watkinson, D.H., 1991, Alkalic rock-carbonatite complexes of the Superior structural province, northern Ontario, Canada: Chronique de la Recherche Miniere, no. 504, p. 5\u009619.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=16

id: 17
rec_id: 17
depname: Manitou Island
deptype: 10
depage: 570–560 K-Ar, biotite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/17","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-79.567222222222,46.279444444444]},"properties":{"country":"Canada","cntrycd":"CNON","stprov":"Ontario","depname":"Manitou Island","latitude":"46.2794444444444","latdeg":46,"latmin":16,"latsec":46,"longitude":"-79.5672222222222","londeg":-79,"lonmin":-34,"lonsec":-2,"startdate":"1950s","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"4.85","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.756","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"Singer (1998)","depage":"570\u0096560 K-Ar, biotite","agemy":"565","tectset":"Canadian shield, Paleozoic Ottawa-Bonnechere regional graben","rocks":"carbonatite, pegmatite vein, pyroxenite, syenite","rocksmap":"conglomerate, limestone (Ordovician)","orebody_fm":"veins and thick body in central area of alkaline pyroxenite complex","ore_a":"3.2","ore_area":"6.8","ore_b":"2.7","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"In ore 0.041\u00960.049% U3O8. Ordovician limestone and conglomerate overlie alkalic complex that mostly located underwater at the Nipissing lake. Syenitic dikes cut the fenites.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"u-pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"uraninite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"}],"reference":["Erdosh, G., 1979, The Ontario carbonatite province and its phosphate potential: Economic Geology, v.74, p. 331\u0096338.","Gittins, J., MacIntyre, R.M., and York, D., 1967, The ages of carbonatite complexes in eastern Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 4, p. 651\u0096655.","Lowdon, J.A., Stockwell, C.H., Tipper, H.W., and Wanless R.K., 1963, Age determination and geological studies: Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 62\u009617, 140 p.","Sage, R., and Watkinson, D.H., 1991, Alkalic rock-carbonatite complexes of the Superior structural province, northern Ontario, Canada: Chronique de la Recherche Miniere, no. 504, p. 5\u009619.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=17

id: 18
rec_id: 18
depname: Martinson Lake
deptype: 10
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/18","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-83.151388888889,50.4125]},"properties":{"country":"Canada","cntrycd":"CNON","stprov":"Ontario","depname":"Martinson Lake","latitude":"50.4125","latdeg":50,"latmin":24,"latsec":45,"longitude":"-83.1513888888889","londeg":-83,"lonmin":-9,"lonsec":-5,"discdate":"1981","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"145","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.35","ree":"0","p2o5":"20.1","grades":"Potapoff (1989)","agemy":"0","tectset":"Canadian shield Superior province; NW flank of Kapuskasing structural zone","rocks":"carbonatite, ultramafic breccia","rocksmap":"granite, granite gneiss (Archean)","orebody_fm":"intrusive complex 31sq. km (three plugs at distance ?2 km, main plug 4 sq. km)","ore_a":"3","ore_area":"4","ore_b":"1.7","alttype":"fenitization?","altwidth":"0","comments":"The area covered by glacial till 30\u009690 m thick. Tonnage and grades estimated for residuum of coarse apatite sand 170 m thick containing also ~0.12% La2O3 and possible U-mineralization.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"serpentine"}],"reference":["Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Potapoff, P., 1989, The Martinson carbonatite deposit, in Notholt, A.J.G., Sheldon, R.P., and Davidson, D.F., eds., Phosphate deposits of the world, v. 2: Cambridge University Press, p. 71\u009678.","Sage, R.P., 1979, Alkalic rocks carbonatite complexes: Ontario Geological Survey,Summary of field work, 1979, Miscellaneous Paper, v. 90, p. 70\u009675.","Sage, R., and Watkinson, D.H., 1991, Alkalic rock-carbonatite complexes of the Superior structural province, northern Ontario, Canada: Chronique de la Recherche Miniere, no. 504, p. 5\u009619.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=18

id: 19
rec_id: 19
depname: Nemegosenda Lake
deptype: 10
depage: 1010 K-Ar, nepheline;|1015±63 Rb-Sr isoch., whole rock
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/19","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-83.079444444444,48.018888888889]},"properties":{"country":"Canada","cntrycd":"CNON","stprov":"Ontario","depname":"Nemegosenda Lake","latitude":"48.0188888888889","latdeg":48,"latmin":1,"latsec":8,"longitude":"-83.0794444444444","londeg":-83,"lonmin":-4,"lonsec":-46,"discdate":"1956","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"20","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.47","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"Sage and Watkinson (1991); Woolley (1987)","depage":"1010 K-Ar, nepheline;|1015\u00b163 Rb-Sr isoch., whole rock","agemy":"1010","tectset":"Canadian shield Superior province; Kapuskasing structural zone; south end of regional gravity high","rocks":"carbonatite, fenite, gabbro, jacupirangite, malignite, nepheline syenite, pyroxenite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Archean)","orebody_fm":"plug and sheets at NE margin of syenite oval complex 7 x 5 km","ore_a":"3","ore_area":"1.4","ore_b":"0.6","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Historic resources are shown. Sarissa Resources, Inc. reported from 15 additional drillholes average 0.52% Nb2O5 and 0.018% Ta2O5 (Reuters, 2008).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zirkelite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"na-amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"k-feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"nepheline"},{"role":"gangue","name":"melanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"wollastonite"}],"reference":["Erdosh, G., 1979, The Ontario carbonatite province and its phosphate potential: Economic Geology, v.74, p. 331\u0096338.","Hawkins, W., 2008, Preliminary analysis and recommendations for National Instrument 43-101 compliant reserve estimate on the Nemegosenda Lake Property, Porcupine mining district, Ontario, 27 p.,","http:\/\/www.sarissaresources.com\/media\/hawkins_report.pdf (last visited February 10, 2009)","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","REUTERS, 2008, Assays from Nemegosenda adit confirm presence of Niobium, Tantalum and Rare Earth element mineralization, 4 p.,","http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/pressRelease\/idUS121260+21-Jul-2008+MW20080721 (last visited February 11, 2009)","Sage, R., and Watkinson, D.H., 1991, Alkalic rock-carbonatite complexes of the Superior structural province, northern Ontario, Canada: Chronique de la Recherche Miniere, no. 504, p. 5\u009619.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=19

id: 20
rec_id: 20
depname: Prairie Lake
deptype: 10
depage: 1069–1033 Rb-Sr, whole rock
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/20","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-86.7175,49.035277777778]},"properties":{"country":"Canada","cntrycd":"CNON","stprov":"Ontario","depname":"Prairie Lake","latitude":"49.0352777777778","latdeg":49,"latmin":2,"latsec":7,"longitude":"-86.7175","londeg":-86,"lonmin":-43,"lonsec":-3,"mintype":"Si-carbonatite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"0.18","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.25","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"historic resource of mid-1960s (Reuters, 2008)","depage":"1069\u00961033 Rb-Sr, whole rock","agemy":"1051","tectset":"Mesoproterozoic Midcontinent rift system, Trans-Superior tectonic zone","rocks":"carbonatite, ijolite, malignite, pyroxenite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Archean)","orebody_fm":"circular plug","ore_a":"1.7","ore_area":"2.5","ore_b":"1.7","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"In ore: 0.9% U3O8 (Sage and Watkinson, 1991, Reuters, 2008) and 1.5\u00969.2% P2O5 (Erdosh, 1979, Resource Investor, 2008). Grades are confirmed by recent drilling.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"betafite"},{"role":"ore","name":"marianoite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"w\u00f6hlerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zirconolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pectolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vesuvianite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"wollastonite"}],"reference":["Chakhmouradian, A.R., Mitchell, R.H., Burns, P.C., Mikhailova, Y., and Reguir, E.P., 2008, Marianoite, a new member of the cuspidine group from the Prairie Lake silicocarbonatite, Ontario: The Canadian Mineralogist, v. 46, p.1023\u00961032.","Erdosh, G., 1979, The Ontario carbonatite province and its phosphate potential: Economic Geology, v.74, p. 331\u0096338.","Heaman, L.M., and Machado, N., 1992, Timing and origin of midcontinent rift alkaline magmatism, North America\u0097Evidence from the Coldwell complex: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 110, p. 289\u0096303.","Mariano, A.N., and Roeder, P.I., 1989, W\u00f6hlerite: chemical composition, cathodoluminescence and environment of crystallization: The Canadian Mineralogist, v. 27, p.709\u0096720.","Resource Investor, 2008, Nuinsco Resources Limited, 3 p.,","http:\/\/www.resourceinvestor.com\/pebble.asp?relid=39364 (last visited February 10, 2009)","Reuters, 2008, Nuinsco Resources Limited: diamond drilling to commense immediately at Prairie Lake Project, 3 p., http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/pressRelease\/idUS152116+17-Jul-2008+MW20080717 (last visited February 10, 2009)","Sage, R., and Watkinson, D.H., 1991, Alkalic rock-carbonatite complexes of the Superior structural province, northern Ontario, Canada: Chronique de la Recherche Miniere, no. 504, p. 5\u009619.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=20

id: 21
rec_id: 21
depname: Oka
deptype: 10
depage: 114±7 K-Ar, and 95±5 Rb-Sr, biotite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/21","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-74.022222222222,45.504166666667]},"properties":{"country":"Canada","cntrycd":"CNQU","stprov":"Quebec","depname":"Oka","latitude":"45.5041666666667","latdeg":45,"latmin":30,"latsec":15,"longitude":"-74.0222222222222","londeg":-74,"lonmin":-1,"lonsec":-20,"mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"221","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.23","ree":"0.1","p2o5":"0","grades":"Singer (1998)","depage":"114\u00b17 K-Ar, and 95\u00b15 Rb-Sr, biotite","agemy":"105","tectset":"Canadian shield, eastern part of Paleozoic Ottawa-Bonnechere regional graben; Lower Cretaceous Monteregian alkaline petrologic province","rocks":"alnoite, carbonatite, ijolite, melteigite, okaite, urtite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Archean)","orebody_fm":"oval double-ring complex","ore_a":"7","ore_area":"13.7","ore_b":"2.5","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Tonnge-grade includes 4.0 Mt at 0.31% Nb2O5, 0.39% Re2O3, and 3.8% P2O5 (Orris and Grauch (2002). Area covered by glacial sediments 60\u0096120 m thick.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"britholite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"niocalite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"hauyne"},{"role":"gangue","name":"melanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"melilite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"nepheline"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"richterite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"wollastonite"}],"reference":["Eby, G.N., 1973, Scandium geochemistry of the Oka carbonatite complex, Oka, Quebec: American Mineralogist, v. 58, p. 819\u0096825.","Eby, G.N., 1975, Abundance and distribution of the rare-earth elements and yttrium in the rocks and minerals of the Oka carbonatite complex, Quebec: Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta, v. 39, p. 597\u0096620.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Treiman, A.H., and Essene, E.J., 1985, The Oka carbonatite complex, Quebec\u0097Geology and evidence for silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility: American Mineralogist, v. 70, p. 1101\u00961113.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p.","Zurevinski, S.E., and Mitchell, R., 2004, Extreme compositional variation of pyrochlore-group minerals at the Oka carbonatite complex, Quebec\u0097Evidence of magma mixing?: The Canadian Mineralogist, v. 42, p. 1159\u00961168."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=21

id: 22
rec_id: 22
depname: St. Honore
deptype: 10
depage: 656–629 K-Ar, feldspar
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/22","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-71.149166666667,48.535277777778]},"properties":{"country":"Canada","cntrycd":"CNQU","stprov":"Quebec","depname":"St. Honore","altname":"Niobec","latitude":"48.5352777777778","latdeg":48,"latmin":32,"latsec":7,"longitude":"-71.1491666666667","londeg":-71,"lonmin":-8,"lonsec":-57,"discdate":"1967","startdate":"1976","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"47.2","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.675","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"Briggs (2006)","depage":"656\u0096629 K-Ar, feldspar","agemy":"643","tectset":"Grenville province, NW trending graben structure of Saguenay rift 240 km long, 30 km wide","rocks":"carbonatite, ijolite, nepheline syenite, syenite","rocksmap":"anorthosite, charnockite, gneiss (Archean)","orebody_fm":"oval intrusive complex with carbonatite central core and sheets","ore_a":"6.3","ore_area":"15.8","ore_b":"3.2","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Tonnage-grades includes production 1976-2004 and reserves 2004, (Briggs, 2006). Locally overlain by Paleozoic limestone ?80 m thick. Internal shales of paleokarst in carbonatite.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"chlorite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"montichellite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"}],"reference":["Briggs, D.F., 2006, Mining operations report, version 2005. Unpublished.","Cambior Inc., 2002, Significant Increase in Mineral Reserves at Niobec Mine, 3 p.,","http:\/\/goliath.ecnext.com\/coms2\/gi_0199-1342161\/Cambior-Inc-Significant-Increase-in.html (last visited February 11, 2009)","Dufresne, C., and Goyette, G., 2002, The production of ferroniobium at the Niobec mine, 7 p.:","http:\/\/www.cbmm.com.br\/portug\/sources\/techlib\/science_techno\/table_content\/sub_1\/images\/pdfs\/start.pdf (last visited February 11, 2009)","Edmonton Journal, 2008, IAMGOLD says can double reserves at Niobec mine, 2 p.:","www2.canada.com\/edmontonjournal\/news\/business\/story.html?id=aa20b6f8-eead-40f5-9cce-f12812378c74 (last visited February 11, 2009)","Thivierge, S., Roy,, D.-W., Chown, E.H., and Gauthier, A., 1983, Evolution du complexe alcalin de St.-Honor\u00e9 (Queb\u00e9c) apres sa Mise en Place: Mineralium Deposita, v. 18, p. 267\u0096283.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 1: North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History),216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=22

id: 23
rec_id: 23
depname: Bayan Obo
deptype: 10
depage: 1400
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/23","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[109.97444444444,41.799166666667]},"properties":{"country":"China","cntrycd":"CINA","stprov":"Inner Mongolia","depname":"Bayan Obo","altname":"Baiyun Obo","latitude":"41.7991666666667","latdeg":41,"latmin":47,"latsec":57,"longitude":"109.974444444444","londeg":109,"lonmin":58,"lonsec":28,"discdate":"1927","startdate":"1957","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"800","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.13","ree":"6","p2o5":"0","grades":"Drew and others (1990)","depage":"1400","agemy":"1400","tectset":"Mesoproterozoic rift at northern margin of North China craton; subsequent fold belt, 10 km south of suture zone","rocks":"albitite, carbonatite, metabasalt, metatrachyte, peridotite, syenite","rocksmap":"gneiss, granite, quartzite, sandstone, schist (Mesoproterozoic)","orebody_fm":"sheet-like carbonatite alkali-carbonatite unit (intrusive complex?) containing two main lenses of economic ore and >50 dikes","ore_a":"18","ore_area":"21","ore_b":"1.5","alttype":"feldspathization, fenitization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d","comments":"1,500 Mt Fe-ore at 35% Fe (Drew and others, 1990). The Mesoproterozoic initial deposit age by Nakai and others (1989) (1350\u00b1149 Ma La-Ba, monazite, and 1,426 + 40 Ma, Sm-Nd, allanite, huanghoite, and parisite), also by Yuan and others (1992) (1580 Ma Sm-Nd isochron, whole-rock). Multiphase deformation, metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration of ore-bearing carbonatite at ~900 Ma and ~425 Ma (Caledonian, low amphibolite facies), and regional granitoids at ~260 Ma (Hercynian).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"aeschynite"},{"role":"ore","name":"allanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bafertisite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"britholite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"carbocernaite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cebaite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"cebaite-(nd)"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chevkinite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cordylite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"daqingshanite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"dingdaohengite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"fergusonite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"fergusonite-(nd)"},{"role":"ore","name":"fergusonite-(y)"},{"role":"ore","name":"fersmite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"huanghoite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"lanthanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"limonite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"nb-rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite-(nd)"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rhabdophane"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"xenotime-(ce)"},{"role":"gangue","name":"actinolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine-augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"albite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"alstonite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"arfvedsonite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"barytocalcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"benstonite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"diopside"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"garnet"},{"role":"gangue","name":"hornblende"},{"role":"gangue","name":"hyalophane"},{"role":"gangue","name":"microcline"},{"role":"gangue","name":"mn-calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"norsethite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"riebeckite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"sr-calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"tremolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"witherite"}],"reference":["Campbell, L.S., and Henderson, P., 1997, Apatite paragenesis in the Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China: Lithos, v. 42, p. 89\u0096103.","Chao, E.C.T., Back, J.M., Minkin, J.A., Tatsumoto, M., Wang, J., Conrad, J.E., McKee, E.H., Hou, Z., Meng, Q., and Huang, S., 1997, The sedimentary carbonate-hosted giant Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China\u0097A cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2143, 65 p.","Drew, L.J., Meng, Q., and Sun, W., 1990, The Bayan Obo iron\u0096rare-earth\u0096niobium deposits, Inner Mongolia, China: Lithos, v. 26, p. 43\u009665.","Le Bas, M.J., Keller, J., Tao, K., Wall, F., Williams, C.T., and Zhang, P., 1992, Carbonatite dykes at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 46, p. 195\u0096228.","Le Bas, M.J., Yang, X., Taylor, R.N., Spiro, B., Milton, J.A., and Zhang, P., 2007, New evidence from a calcite-dolomite carbonatite dyke for the magmatic origin of the massive Bayan Obo ore-bearing dolomite marble, Inner Mongolia, China: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 90, p. 223\u0096248.","Liu, Y., Yang, G., Chen, J., Du, A., and Xie, Z., 2004 Re-Os dating of pyrite from giant Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit: Chinese Science Bulletin, v. 49, no. 24, p. 2627\u00962631.","Mindat.org, 2009, Bayan Obo (Bayun-Obo; Baiyunebo) deposit, Bayan Obo, Darhan Muminggan United Banner, Inner Mongolia, China, 3 p., http:\/\/www.mindat.org\/loc-720.html (last visited February 12, 2009)","Nakai, S., Masuda, A., Shimizu, H., and Qi, L., 1989, La-Ba dating and Nd and Sr isotope studies on the Baiyun Obo rare earth element ore deposits, Inner Mongolia, China: Economic Geology, v. 84, p. 2296\u00962299.","Ne\u00dfler, J., 2009, Giant Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China, 16 p.,","http:\/\/www.geoberg.de\/text\/geology\/07032101.php (last visited February 12, 2009)","Wu, C., 2008, Bayan Obo controversy: carbonatites versus iron oxide-Cu-Au-(REE-U): Resource Geology, v. 58, no. 4, p. 348\u0096354.","Wu, C., Yuan, Z., and Bai, G., 1996, Rare earth deposits in China, in Jones, A.P., Wall, F., and Williams, C.T., eds., Rare earth minerals: chemistry, origin and ore deposits: New York, Chapman and Hall, The Mineralogical Society Series 7, p. 281\u0096310.","Yang, Z., and Woollley, A., 2006, Carbonatites in China\u0097A review: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 559\u0096575.","Yuan, Z., Bai, G., Wu, C., Zhang, Z., and Ye, X., 1992, Geological features and genesis of the Bayan Obo REE ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China: Applied Geochemistry, v. 7, p. 429\u0096442.","Zhang, P., Yang, Z., Tao, K., and Yang, X., 1995, Mineralogy and geology of rare earths in China: Beijing, Science press, 209 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=23

id: 24
rec_id: 24
depname: Dalucao
deptype: 10
depage: 11.3 – 9.8 K-Ar , biotite; 15.3±0.5 Rb-Sr isochron
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/24","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[101.85166666667,27.1675]},"properties":{"country":"China","cntrycd":"CINA","stprov":"Sichuan","depname":"Dalucao","altname":"Daluxiang","latitude":"27.1675","latdeg":27,"latmin":10,"latsec":3,"longitude":"101.851666666667","londeg":101,"lonmin":51,"lonsec":6,"discdate":"mid 1980s","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"0.76","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"5","p2o5":"0","grades":"Hou and others (2009)","depage":"11.3 \u0096 9.8 K-Ar , biotite; 15.3\u00b10.5 Rb-Sr isochron","agemy":"10.4","tectset":"Yangtze craton western margin; Cenozoic collision related Himalyan Mianning-Dechang REE belt involving Paleozoic longitudinal Panxi rift","rocks":"breccia pipes, carbonatite, nordmarkite (quartz syenite)","rocksmap":"quartz diorite (Proterozoic)","orebody_fm":"vein zone","ore_a":"1.2","ore_area":"0.6","ore_b":"0.6","alttype":"fenitization, carbonatization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d","comments":"Vein zone occurs mostly in breccia pipes in nordmarkite, generally controlled by strike-slip fault. Two main ore lenses (?175 m thick and ?450 m down dip) and numerous small orebodies (vein swarms).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"allanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"celestite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cerussite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chevkinite"},{"role":"ore","name":"copper"},{"role":"ore","name":"cu-sn alloy"},{"role":"ore","name":"cu-zn alloy"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"limonite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"molybdenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"sn-zn alloy"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"sr-barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"tin"},{"role":"ore","name":"witherite"},{"role":"ore","name":"wulfenite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"albite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine-augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"arfvedsonite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"microcline"}],"reference":["Hou, Z., Tian, S., Xie, Y., Yang, Z., Yuan, Z., Yin, S., Yi, L., Fei, H., Zou, T., Bai, G., and Li, X., 2009, The Himalayan Mianning-Dechang REE belt associated with alkaline complexes, eastern Indo-Asian collision zone, SW, China: Ore Geology Reviews, v. xx, p. xx\u0096xx, in press.","Hou, Z., Tian, S., Yuan, Z., Xie, Y., Yin, S., Yi, L., Fei, H., and Yang, Z., 2006, The Himalayan collision zone carbonatites in western Sichuan, SW, China\u0097Petrogenesis, mantle source and tectonic implication: Earth and Planetary Science Letter, v. 244, p. 234\u0096250.","Li, X., 2005, Geological characteristics of Dulucao REE deposit in Dechang county, Sichuan, China: Mineral Deposits, v. 24, no. 2, p. 151\u0096160 (in Chinese with English abstract).","Niu, H., Shan, Q., Chen, X., and Zhang, H., 2003, Relationship between light rare earth deposits and mantle processes in Panxi rift, China: Science in China (Series D), v. 46, Suppl., p. 41\u009649.","Wan, D., Tian, S., Luo, M., and Shaoyong, J., 2005, Stable isotope composition of the Dalucao rare earth deposit in western Sichuan, in Mao, J., and Bierlein, F.P., eds., Mineral Deposit Research\u0097Meeting the Global Challenge: Proceedings of the 8th Biennial SGA Meeting, Springer, Berlin, p. 849\u0096852.","Xu, C., Campbell, I.H., Kynicky. J., Allen, C.M., Chen, Y., Huang, Z., and Qi, L., 2008, Comparison of the Daluxiang and Maoniuping carbonatitic REE deposits with Bayan Obo Ree deposit, China: Lithos, v. 106, no. 1-2, p. 12\u009624.","Yang, Z., and Woollley, A., 2006, Carbonatites in China\u0097A review: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 559\u0096575."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=24

id: 25
rec_id: 25
depname: Maoniuping
deptype: 10
depage: 40.3±0.7 – 31.8±0.7|K-Ar, biotite and arfvedsonite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/25","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[101.9775,28.456666666667]},"properties":{"country":"China","cntrycd":"CINA","stprov":"Sichuan","depname":"Maoniuping","latitude":"28.4566666666667","latdeg":28,"latmin":27,"latsec":24,"longitude":"101.9775","londeg":101,"lonmin":58,"lonsec":39,"discdate":"1985","startdate":"1989","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"62.3","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"2.89","p2o5":"0","grades":"Xie and others (2009)","depage":"40.3\u00b10.7 \u0096 31.8\u00b10.7|K-Ar, biotite and arfvedsonite","agemy":"40","tectset":"Yangtze craton western margin; Cenozoic collision related Himalyan Mianning-Dechang REE belt involving Paleozoic longitudinal Panxi rift","rocks":"carbonatite, nordmarkite (quartz syenite)","rocksmap":"alkaline granite (146 Ma), rhyolite (unknown age); clastic rocks (Middle Devonian)","orebody_fm":"vein zone","ore_a":"2.65","ore_area":"1.7","ore_b":"0.8","alttype":"fenitization, aegerine-carbonatization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d","comments":"The reserve includes additional 0.33 Mt Pb, 174 t Ag, 3.78 Mt BaSO4, and 2.4 Mt CaF2 (Wang and others, 2001). The carbonatite contains ?9.06 ppb Pt. Vein zone controlled by strike-slip fault, consists of syenite stocks, carbonatite sills, granite porphyry and pegmatite dike swarm, and ore stockwork zone. Contains 71 economic ore bodies, en-echelon S-shaped layer ?1168 m long and ?32 m thick.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"aenigmatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"aeschynite"},{"role":"ore","name":"allanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ba-celestite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"betafite"},{"role":"ore","name":"britholite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"celestite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cerianite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chevkinite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"copper"},{"role":"ore","name":"cu-zn alloy"},{"role":"ore","name":"fergusonite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluocerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"iron"},{"role":"ore","name":"kainosite-(y)"},{"role":"ore","name":"limonite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"maoniupingite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"molybdenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"r\u00f6ntgenite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"samarskite-(y)"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"sr-barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"sn-cu alloy"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"tongxinite"},{"role":"ore","name":"uranothorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"wulfenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"xenotime-(y)"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegirine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegirine-augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"albite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"arfvedsonite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"epidote"},{"role":"gangue","name":"garnet"},{"role":"gangue","name":"gypsum"},{"role":"gangue","name":"microcline"},{"role":"gangue","name":"mg-riebeckite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pectolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"mn-pectolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"}],"reference":["Hou, Z., Tian, S., Xie, Y., Yang, Z., Yuan, Z., Yin, S., Yi, L., Fei, H., Zou, T., Bai, G., and Li, X., 2009, The Himalayan Mianning-Dechang REE belt associated with alkaline complexes, eastern Indo-Asian collision zone, SW, China: Ore Geology Reviews, v. xx, p. xx\u0096xx, in press.","Hou, Z., Tian, S., Yuan, Z., Xie, Y., Yin, S., Yi, L., Fei, H., and Yang, Z., 2006, The Himalayan collision zone carbonatites in western Sichuan, SW, China\u0097Petrogenesis, mantle source and tectonic implication:Earth and Planetary Science Letter, v. 244, p. 234\u0096250.","Niu, H., Shan, Q., Chen, X., and Zhang, H., 2003, Relationship between light rare earth deposits and mantle processes in Panxi rift, China: Science in China (Series D), v. 46, Suppl., p. 41\u009649.","Tian, S., Ding, T., Mao, J., Li, Y., and Yuan, Z., 2006, S, C, O, H isotope data and noble gas studies of the Maoniuping LREE deposit, Sichuan province, China\u0097A mantle connection for mineralization: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 80, no. 4, p. 540\u0096549.","Wang, D., Yang, J., Yan, S., Xu, J., Chen, Y., Pu, G., and Luo, Y., 2001, A special orogenic-type rare earth element deposit in Maoniuping, Sichuan, China\u0097Geology and geochemistry: Resources Geology, v. 51, no. 3, p. 177\u0096188.","Wu, C., Yuan, Z., and Bai, G., 1996, Rare earth deposits in China, in Jones, A.P., Wall, F., and Williams, C.T., eds., Rare earth minerals\u0097Chemistry, origin and ore deposits: New York, Chapman and Hall, The Mineralogical Society Series 7, p. 281\u0096310.","Xie, Y., Hou, Z., Yin, S., Dominy, S.C., Xu, J., Tian, S., and Xu, W., 2009, Continuous carbonatitic melt-fluid evolution of a REE mineralization system\u0097Evidence from inclusions in the Maoniuping REE deposit, western Sichuan, China: Ore Geology Reviews, v. xx, p. xx\u0096xx, in press.","Xu, C., Campbell, I.H., Kynicky. J., Allen, C.M., Chen, Y., Huang, Z., and Qi, L., 2008, Comparison of the Daluxiang and Maoniuping carbonatitic REE deposits with Bayan Obo Ree deposit, China: Lithos, v. 106, no. 1-2, p. 12\u009624.","Xu, C., Huang, Z., Liu, C., Qi, L., Li, W., and Guan, T., 2003, PGE geochemistry of carbonatites in Maoniuping REE deposit, Sichuan province, China\u0097Preliminary study: Geochemical Journal, v. 37, p. 391\u0096399.","Xu, C., Huang, Z., Liu, C., Qi, L., Li, W., and Guan, T., 2003, Geochemistry of carbonatites in Maoniuping REE deposit, Sichuan province, China: Science in China (Series D), v. 46, no. 3, p. 246\u0096256.","Xu, C., Qi, L., Huang, Z., Chen, Y., Yu, X., Wang, L., and Li, E., 2008, Abundances and significance of platinum group elements in carbonatites from China: Lithos, v. 105, p. 201\u0096207.","Xu, C., Zhang, H., Huang, Z., Liu, C., Qi, L., Li, W., and Guan, T., 2004, Genesis of the carbonatite-syenite complex and REE deposit at Maoniuping, Sichuan province, China\u0097Evidence from Pb isotope geochemistry: Geochemical Journal, v. 38, p. 67\u009676.","Yang, Z., and Woollley, A., 2006, Carbonatites in China\u0097A review: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 559\u0096575"]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=25

id: 26
rec_id: 26
depname: Miaoya
deptype: 10
depage: 278–251 K-Ar, microcline, carbonatite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/26","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[110.20055555556,32.250277777778]},"properties":{"country":"China","cntrycd":"CINA","stprov":"Hubei","depname":"Miaoya","latitude":"32.2502777777778","latdeg":32,"latmin":15,"latsec":1,"longitude":"110.200555555556","londeg":110,"lonmin":12,"lonsec":2,"discdate":"1962","mintype":"Fe-carbonatite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"71.5","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.25","ree":"1.7","p2o5":"0","grades":"Chinamining (2006); Kamitani and Hirano (1990); Orris and Grauch (2002)","depage":"278\u0096251 K-Ar, microcline, carbonatite","agemy":"265","tectset":"southern margin of Qiling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt","rocks":"albitite, carbonatite, syenite, syenite porphyry","rocksmap":"metavolcanics (Neoproterozoic), schist (Silurian)","orebody_fm":"lens-shaped alkaline-carbonatite complex","ore_a":"2.95","ore_area":"1.9","ore_b":"0.82","altwidth":"0","comments":"Carbonatite contains ?0.7% Nb2O5 and ?3.69% Re2O3 (Yang and Woolley, 2006); ?0.885 ppb Pt and ?0.984 ppb Pd (Xu and others, 2008). 2006 resources are 1.215 Mt Re2O3 and 929.5 Kt Nb2O5 (Chinamining, 2006).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"betafite"},{"role":"ore","name":"burbankite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fersmite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"nb-aeschynite"},{"role":"ore","name":"nb-rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"microcline"}],"reference":["Chinamining.org, 2006, REE Resources, 4 p.,","http:\/\/www.chinamining.org\/Facts\/2006-10-10\/ 1160466862d1499.html (last visited February 13, 2009)","Kamitani, M., and Hirano, H., 1990, Important carbonatite-alkaline\/alkaline complexes and related mineral resources in the world: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 631\u0096640.","Li, S., 1980, Geochemical features and petrogenesis of Miaoya carbonatites, Hupeh: Geochimica, v. 12, no. 4, p. 345\u0096355 (in Chinese with English abstract).","Mindat.Org, 2009, Miaoya REE deposit, Zhushan Co., Shiyan prefecture, Hubei province, China, 2 p., http:\/\/www.mindat.org\/loc-144543.html (last visited February 13, 2009)","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Wu, C., Yuan, Z., and Bai, G., 1996, Rare earth deposits in China, in Jones, A.P., Wall, F., and Williams, C.T., eds., Rare earth minerals\u0097Chemistry, origin and ore deposits: New York, Chapman and Hall, The Mineralogical Society Series 7, p. 281\u0096310.","Xu, C.,Qi, L., Huang, Z., Chen, Y., Yu, X., Wang, L., and Li, E., 2008, Abundances and significance of platinum group elements in carbonatites from China: Lithos, v. 105, p. 201\u0096207.","Yang, Z., and Woollley, A., 2006, Carbonatites in China\u0097A review: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 559\u0096575.","Zhang, P., Yang, Z., Tao, K., and Yang, X., 1995, Mineralogy and geology of rare earths in China: Beijing, Science press, 209 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=26

id: 27
rec_id: 27
depname: Weishan
deptype: 10
depage: 110 K-Ar, muscovite;|140 K-Ar, syenite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/27","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[117.20805555556,34.755555555556]},"properties":{"country":"China","cntrycd":"CINA","stprov":"Shandong","depname":"Weishan","altname":"Xishan","latitude":"34.7555555555556","latdeg":34,"latmin":45,"latsec":20,"longitude":"117.208055555556","londeg":117,"lonmin":12,"lonsec":29,"startdate":"1970s","mintype":"beforsite","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"ore tonnage unavailable","depage":"110 K-Ar, muscovite;|140 K-Ar, syenite","agemy":"110","tectset":"North China craton","rocks":"albitite, carbonatite, lamprophyre, quartz syenite, syenite porphyry","rocksmap":"gneiss (Archean)","orebody_fm":"vein cluster related to syenite stock","ore_a":"2.4","ore_area":"2.5","ore_b":"1.3","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d","comments":"Production at 1.6% Re2O3 (Wu and others, 1996), medium-sized deposit (Chinamining, 2006). NW trending bastnaesite-barite-carbonatite vein cluster associated with syenite plug and dikes","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"aeschynite"},{"role":"ore","name":"allanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"ancylite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"britholite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"carbocernaite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"chevkinite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"wulfenite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine-augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"chlorite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"diopside"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"epidote"},{"role":"gangue","name":"feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"muscovite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"riebeckite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"tremolite"}],"reference":["Chinamining.org, 2006, REE Resources, 4 p.,","http:\/\/www.chinamining.org\/Facts\/2006-10-10\/ 1160466862d1499.html (last visited February 13, 2009)","Mindat.Org, 2009, Weishan mine (Chisan mine, Xishan mine, deposit No. 101), Xuecheng district, Zaozhuang prefecture, Shangdong province, China, 2 p., http:\/\/www.mindat.org\/loc-144544.html (last visited February 13, 2009)","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Wu, C., Yuan, Z., and Bai, G., 1996, Rare earth deposits in China, in Jones, A.P., Wall, F., and Williams, C.T., eds., Rare earth minerals\u0097Chemistry, origin and ore deposits: New York, Chapman and Hall, The Mineralogical Society Series 7, p. 281\u0096310.","Yang, Z., and Woollley, A., 2006, Carbonatites in China\u0097A review: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 559\u0096575","Zhang, P., Yang, Z., Tao, K., and Yang, X., 1995, Mineralogy and geology of rare earths in China: Beijing, Science press, 209 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=27

id: 28
rec_id: 28
depname: Bingo
deptype: 10
depage: 558?
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/28","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[29.316944444444,0.52972222222222]},"properties":{"country":"Democratic Republic of Congo","cntrycd":"DRCO","stprov":"Kivu","depname":"Bingo","altname":"Bingu","latitude":"0.529722222222222","latmin":31,"latsec":47,"longitude":"29.3169444444444","londeg":29,"lonmin":19,"lonsec":1,"mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"7","deptype":10,"niobium":"2.86","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"Singer (1998)","depage":"558?","agemy":"558","tectset":"western brunch of East African rift","rocks":"carbonatite, fenite, ijolite, nepheline syenite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Precambrian); dolerite and gabbro dikes","orebody_fm":"plug inside alkaline complex 6x4 km","ore_a":"4","ore_area":"7.9","ore_b":"2.5","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"The deposit age is possibly similar to the Early Cambrian Lueshe deposit (Woolley and others, 1995).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ba-pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"cassiterite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"crandallite"},{"role":"ore","name":"g\u00f6tzenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"sr-ba carbonate"},{"role":"ore","name":"sr-ree carbonate"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"melanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"mica"}],"reference":["Lubala, R.T., Kampunzu, A.B., and Makutu, M.N., 1985, Un inventaire des complexes anorog\u00e9niques du Burundi, du Ruanda et du Zaire: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 3, no. 1\/2, p. 169\u0096174.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Van Wambeke , L., 1971, Pandaite, baddeleyite and associated minerals from the Bingo niobium deposit, Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo: Mineralium Deposita, v. 6, p. 153\u0096156.","Williams, C.T., Wall, F., Woolley, A.R., and Phillipo, S., 1997, Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 25, no. 1, p. 137\u0096145.","Woolley, A.R., Williams, C.T., Wall, F., Garc\u00eda, D., and Moute, J., 1995, The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite- nepheline syenite complex, Zaire\u0097Geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 21, no. 3, p. 329\u0096348.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=28

id: 29
rec_id: 29
depname: Lueshe
deptype: 10
depage: 516±26 K-Ar, biotite; 558±11 Rb-Sr, biotite, feldspar
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/29","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[29.140833333333,-0.98666666666667]},"properties":{"country":"Democratic Republic of Congo","cntrycd":"DRCO","stprov":"Kivu","depname":"Lueshe","latitude":"-0.986666666666667","latmin":-59,"latsec":-12,"longitude":"29.1408333333333","londeg":29,"lonmin":8,"lonsec":27,"discdate":"1938","startdate":"1984","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"30","deptype":10,"niobium":"1.34","ree":"0","p2o5":"7","grades":"Maravic and others (1989), Milesi and others (2006)","depage":"516\u00b126 K-Ar, biotite; 558\u00b111 Rb-Sr, biotite, feldspar","agemy":"558","tectset":"western brunch of East African rift","rocks":"carbonatite, pyroxenite, cancrinite-syenite","rocksmap":"quartzite, schist (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"oval intrusion","ore_a":"3","ore_area":"5.9","ore_b":"2.5","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Mining of lateritic cover 30\u0096150 m thick during 1984\u00961993 and 2000\u00962003.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"ancylite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"celestite"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"cancrinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"fayalite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"microcline"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Kramm, U., Maravic, H.v., and Morteani, G., 1997, Neodymium and Sr isotopic constraints on the petrogenetic relationships between carbonatites and cancrinite syenites from the Lueshe alkaline complex, east Zaire: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 25, no. 1, p. 55\u009676.","Lubala, R.T., Kampunzu, A.B., and Makutu, M.N., 1985, Un inventaire des complexes anorog\u00e9niques du Burundi, du Ruanda et du Zaire: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 3, no. 1\/2, p. 169\u0096174.","Maravic, H.v. and Morteani, G., 1980, Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire): Lithos, v. 13, no. 2, p. 159\u0096170.","Maravic, H.v., Morteani, G., and Roethe, G., 1989, Cancrinite-syenite\/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu\/NE-Zaire: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 9, no. 2, p. 341\u0096355.","Milesi, J.P., Toteu, S.F., Deschamps, Y., and others, 2006, An overview of the geology and major ore deposits of Central Africa\u0097Explanatory note for the 1:4,000,000 map \u0093Geology and major ore deposits of Central Africa\u0094: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 44, p. 571\u0096595.","Nasraoui, M., and Bilal, E., 2000, Pyrochlores from the Lueshe carbonatite complex (Democratic Republic of Congo):\u0097A geochemical record of different alteration stages: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v.18, p. 237\u0096251.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=29

id: 32
rec_id: 32
depname: Sung Valley
deptype: 10
depage: 107
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/32","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[92.117222222222,25.569166666667]},"properties":{"country":"India","cntrycd":"INDA","stprov":"Meghalaya","depname":"Sung Valley","latitude":"25.5691666666667","latdeg":25,"latmin":34,"latsec":9,"longitude":"92.1172222222222","londeg":92,"lonmin":7,"lonsec":2,"mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"6.75","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.02","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"Krishnamurthy and others (2000)","depage":"107","agemy":"107","tectset":"NS system of lineaments, including Um Ngot lineament, with Late Jurassic\u0096Early Cretaceous alkaline-ultramafic and flood basalt activities probably related to Ninety-East ridge in Indian ocean","rocks":"carbonatite, ijolite, peridotite, pyroxenite, syenite","rocksmap":"phyllite, quartzite, schist (Paleoproterozoic)","orebody_fm":"small plugs and dikes inside oval alkaline complex 7.5x5.6 km","ore_a":"7.5","ore_area":"33","ore_b":"5.6","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Different radiologic ages span 90 to 150 Ma (Srivastava and Sinha, 2004).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"}],"reference":["Krishnamurthy, P., Hoda, S.Q., Sinha, R.P., Banerjee, D.C., and Dwivedy, K.K., 2000, Economic aspects of carbonatites of India: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 229\u0096235.","Srivastava, R.K., and Sinha, A.K., 2004, Early Cretaceous Sung Valley ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite complex, Shilong Plateau, northeastern India\u0097Petrological and genetic significance: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 80, p. 241\u0096263.","Veena, K., Pandey, B.K., Krishnamurthy, P., and Gupta, J.N., 1998, Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic systematics of the carbonatites of Sung Valley, Meghalaya, northeast India\u0097Implications for contemporary plume-related mantle source characteristics: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, no. 11&12, p. 1875\u00961884.","Viladkar, S.G., Schlecher, H., and Pawaskar, P., 1994, Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Sung Valley carbonatite complex, Shilong, Meghalaya, India: Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Mineralogie, Monatshefte, H. 11, p. 499\u0096517."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=32

id: 33
rec_id: 33
depname: Mrima Hill
deptype: 10
depage: post-Karroo
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/33","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[39.252777777778,-4.4861111111111]},"properties":{"country":"Kenya","cntrycd":"KNYA","stprov":"Coast","depname":"Mrima Hill","latitude":"-4.48611111111111","latdeg":-4,"latmin":-29,"latsec":-10,"longitude":"39.2527777777778","londeg":39,"lonmin":15,"lonsec":10,"discdate":"1952","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"49","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.7","ree":"0.61","p2o5":"0","grades":"Deans (1966)","depage":"post-Karroo","agemy":"0","tectset":"Early-Middle Jurassic Kenya Coast rift","rocks":"carbonatite, carbonatite agglomerate, monchiquite","rocksmap":"sandstone, shale, siltstone (Jurassic)","orebody_fm":"oval plug","ore_a":"2.2","ore_area":"2.4","ore_b":"1.4","alttype":"fenitization, argillization (mostly supergene)","altwidth":"0","comments":"Resources of lateritic soil ?100 m thick. According to Deans (1966), 49 Mt of residual ore include 6 Mt at 5% Re2O3, ore contains 0.04\u00960.2% MoO3.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ba-pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"brookite"},{"role":"ore","name":"florencite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"gorceixite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goyazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"limonite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"marcasite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"psilomelane"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"chlorite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"epidote"},{"role":"gangue","name":"feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"kaolinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"melilite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"scapolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"spinel"}],"reference":["Deans, T., 1966, Economic mineralogy of African carbonatites, in Tuttle, O.F., and Gittins, J., eds., Carbonatites: New York, Interscience Publishers, p. 385\u0096413.","Goetze, G.L., and Edwards, C.B., 1959, The Mrima Hill carbonatite, Coast province, Kenya: Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, v. 62, p. 373\u0096396.","Harris, P.M., 1965, Pandaite from the Mrima Hill niobium deposit (Kenya): Mineralogical Magazine, v. 35, p. 277\u0096290.","Horkel, A.D., 1984, Notes on the geology and mineral resources of the southern Kenyan cost: Mitteilungen \u00d6sterreichische Geologische Gesellschaft, Band 77, p. 151\u0096159.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=33

id: 34
rec_id: 34
depname: Ruri
deptype: 10
depage: 13 Sr-Nd
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/34","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[34.334444444444,-0.53]},"properties":{"country":"Kenya","cntrycd":"KNYA","depname":"Ruri","latitude":"-0.53","latmin":-31,"latsec":-48,"longitude":"34.3344444444444","londeg":34,"lonmin":20,"lonsec":4,"mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"0.375","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"3.92","p2o5":"0","grades":"Jackson and Christiansen (1993); Re2O3 grade calculated from 5.6% monazite content in ore","depage":"13 Sr-Nd","agemy":"13","tectset":"Cenozoic (post-Karroo) East-African rift","rocks":"carbonatite, carbonatite agglomerate, carbonatite tuff, ijolite, nepheline syenite","rocksmap":"metabasalt (Neoarchean)","orebody_fm":"cone sheets and dikes in twin alkaliine-carbonatite volcanes","ore_a":"5.5","ore_area":"13","ore_b":"3","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"10","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"eudialyte"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"g\u00f6tzenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"cancrinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"wollastonite"}],"reference":["Deines, P., and Gold, D.P., 1973, The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 37, p. 1709\u00961733.","Jackson, W.D., and Christiansen, G., 1993, International strategic inventory summary report-\u0096rare-earth oxides: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930-N, 68 p.","Jaff\u00e9, F.C., and Collins, B., 1969, Rare-earth concentrations in the South Ruri carbonatite in western Kenya: Transactions of Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B, v. 78, no. 756, p. B161\u0096B163.","Kalt, A., Hegner, E., and Satir, M., 1997, Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African carbonatites: Tectonophysics, v. 278, p. 31\u009645.","Le Bas, M.J., 2008, Fenites associated with carbonatites: The Canadian Mineralogist, v. 46, p. 915\u0096932.","McCall, G.J., 1963, A reconsideration of certain aspects of the Rangwa and Ruri carbonatite complexes in Western Kenya: Geological Magazine, v. 100, no. 2, p. 181\u0096185.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=34

id: 35
rec_id: 35
depname: Chilwa Island
deptype: 10
depage: 136±7 K-Ar, biotite;|125.8±7.7 fission-track, titanite & zircon
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/35","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[35.601944444444,-15.331666666667]},"properties":{"country":"Malawi","cntrycd":"MLWI","depname":"Chilwa Island","latitude":"-15.3316666666667","latdeg":-15,"latmin":-19,"latsec":-54,"longitude":"35.6019444444444","londeg":35,"lonmin":36,"lonsec":7,"mintype":"Fe-carbonatite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"0.375","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.95","ree":"5","p2o5":"0","grades":"Gupta and Kishnamurthy (2004), Malunga (2009), Ministry... (2009)","depage":"136\u00b17 K-Ar, biotite;|125.8\u00b17.7 fission-track, titanite & zircon","agemy":"136","tectset":"East African rift system; southern part of Tanganyike-Rukwa-Malawi transcurrent fault zone; Chilwa alkaline province","rocks":"agglomerate, carbonatite, feldspathic breccia, foyaite, ijolite, nepheline syenite, dikes of nephelinite, phonolite, and trachyte","rocksmap":"gneiss, granulite (Precambrian), syenite (Cretaceous)","orebody_fm":"circular plug","ore_a":"3.4","ore_area":"8.5","ore_b":"3.2","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"1","dep5km":"10","comments":"5% Re2O3 in ore, including 2.2% Sm2O3, 0.47% Eu2O3, 1.64% Y2O3; apatite contains 7.12% La and 13.7% Ce; pyrochlore contains 1.3\u00962.76% Ce (Gupta and Kishnamurthy, 2004).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"florencite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"melanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"spinel"}],"reference":["Eby, G.N., Roden-Tice, M., Krueger, H.L., Ewing, W., Faxon, E.H., and Woolley, A.R., 1995, Geochronology and cooling history of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v.20, no. 3-4, p. 275\u0096288.","Garson, M.S., 1966, Carbonatites in Malawi, in Tuttle, O.F., and Gittins, J., eds., Carbonatites: New York, Interscience Publishers, p. 33\u009671.","Gupta, C.K., and Kishnamurthy, N., 2004, Extractive metallurgy of rare earth: CRC Press, 506 p.","Malunga, G.W.P., 2009, Mineral potential of the Nacala corridor, Malawi, 12 p.,","http:\/\/www.sdnp.org.mw\/geosoc-mw\/mineralpotential.htm (last visited February 17, 2009)","Ministry of Energy and Mines, Republic of Malawi, 2009, Mineral potential of Malawi, 8 p.,","http:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/downloads\/start.cfm?id=1239 (last visited February 17, 2009)","Tiercelin, J.J., Chorowicz, J., Belloni, H., Richert, J.P., Mwanbene, J.T., and Walgenwitz, F., 1988, East African Rift System\u0097Offset, age and tectonic significance of the Tanganyika-Rukwa-Malawi intracontinental transcurrent fault zone: Tectonophysics, v. 148, p. 241\u0096252","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=35

id: 36
rec_id: 36
depname: Kangankunde
deptype: 10
depage: 123±6 K-Ar, phlogopite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/36","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[34.909444444444,-15.125]},"properties":{"country":"Malawi","cntrycd":"MLWI","depname":"Kangankunde","latitude":"-15.125","latdeg":-15,"latmin":-7,"latsec":-30,"longitude":"34.9094444444444","londeg":34,"lonmin":54,"lonsec":34,"mintype":"beforsite","oreton":"11","deptype":10,"niobium":"2","ree":"0.62","p2o5":"0","grades":"Malawi... (2009); Ministry... (2009); Singer (1998)","depage":"123\u00b16 K-Ar, phlogopite","agemy":"123","tectset":"East African rift system; Chilwa alkaline province","rocks":"agglomerate, carbonatite, feldspathic breccia","rocksmap":"gneiss, schist (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"plugs and sheets in core of oval alkaline complex","ore_a":"7.2","ore_area":"14.1","ore_b":"2.5","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"1","comments":"8.4% SrCO3 in ore. 13 Kt monazite production to 30 m depth at average 10% Re2O3 (Gupta and Kishnamurthy, 2004).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"daqingshanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"florencite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goyazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"melilite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"montichellite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"nepheline"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"staurolite"}],"reference":["Malawi Geological Surveys Department, 2009, Mineral resources of Malawi, 7 p.,","http:\/\/www.malawi.gov.mw\/publications\/geo\/mineralsdoc.htm (last visited February 18, 2009)","Garson, M.S., 1966, Carbonatites in Malawi, in Tuttle, O.F., and Gittins, J., eds., Carbonatites: New York, Interscience Publishers, p. 33\u009671.","Gupta, C.K., and Kishnamurthy, N., 2004, Extractive metallurgy of rare earth: CRC Press, 506 p.","Lynas Corporation, Ltd., 2007, Lynas Acquires New Rare Earths Resource in Malawi, 5 p.,","http:\/\/www.infomine.com\/index\/pr\/PA536540.PDF (last visited February 18, 2009)","Ministry of Energy and Mines, Republic of Malawi, 2009, Mineral potential of Malawi, 8 p.,","http:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/downloads\/start.cfm?id=1239 (last visited February 18, 2009)","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Tiercelin, J.J., Chorowicz, J., Belloni, H., Richert, J.P., Mwanbene, J.T., and Walgenwitz, F., 1988, East African Rift System\u0097Offset, age and tectonic significance of the Tanganyika-Rukwa-Malawi intracontinental transcurrent fault zone: Tectonophysics, v. 148, p. 241\u0096252.","Wall, F., and Mariano, A.N., 1996, Rare earth minerals in carbonatites\u0097A discussion centered on the Kangakunde carbonatite, Malawi, in Jones, A.P., Wall, F., and Williams, C.T., eds., Rare earth minerals\u0097Chemistry, origin and ore deposits: Chapman & Hall, p. 193\u0096225.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=36

id: 37
rec_id: 37
depname: Tundulu
deptype: 10
depage: 133±7 K-Ar, biotite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/37","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[35.8075,-15.539166666667]},"properties":{"country":"Malawi","cntrycd":"MLWI","depname":"Tundulu","altname":"Nathache","latitude":"-15.5391666666667","latdeg":-15,"latmin":-32,"latsec":-21,"longitude":"35.8075","londeg":35,"lonmin":48,"lonsec":27,"mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"3.225","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.53","ree":"2.4","p2o5":"12.9","grades":"Dill (2007); Malawi... (2009); Ministry... (2009)","depage":"133\u00b17 K-Ar, biotite","agemy":"133","tectset":"East African rift system; southern part of Tanganyike-Rukwa-Malawi transcurrent fault zone; Chilwa alkaline province","rocks":"breccia, carbonatite, carbonatite agglomerate, foyaite, nepheline syenite, trachyte","rocksmap":"gneiss, granite, granulite (Precambrian), dolerite dike (Karoo)","orebody_fm":"ring complex","ore_a":"4","ore_area":"11","ore_b":"3.5","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"2.5","dep5km":"10","comments":"In apatite % oxides: 0.85 Ce, 0.39 La, and 0.36 Nd; in ilmenite 0.84% Nb2O5 (Dawson, 1996). Three mineralized zones in Nathache Hill area contain 0.6 Mt at 1.77% Re2O3 to 50 m depth (Gupta and Kishnamurthy, 2004). Ngwenya (1994) considers quartz-barite-REE veins hydrothermal.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"celestite"},{"role":"ore","name":"florencite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"k-feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"melanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"}],"reference":["Dawson, J.B., Steele, I.M., Smith, J.V., and Rivers, M.L., 1996, Minor and trace element chemistry of carbonates, apatites and magnetites in some African carbonatites: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 60, no. 3, p. 415\u0096425.","Dill, H.G., 2007, A review of mineral resources in Malawi\u0097With special reference to aluminum variation in mineral deposits: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 153\u0096173.","Garson, M.S., 1966, Carbonatites in Malawi, in Tuttle, O.F., and Gittins, J., eds., Carbonatites: New York, Interscience Publishers, p. 33\u009671.","Gupta, C.K., and Kishnamurthy, N., 2004, Extractive metallurgy of rare earth: CRC Press, 506 p.","Malawi Geological Surveys Department, 2009, Mineral resources of Malawi, 7 p.,","http:\/\/www.malawi.gov.mw\/publications\/geo\/mineralsdoc.htm (last visited February 18, 2009)","Malunga, G.W.P., 2009, Mineral potential of the Nacala corridor, Malawi, 12 p.,","http:\/\/www.sdnp.org.mw\/geosoc-mw\/mineralpotential.htm (last visited February 18, 2009)","Ministry of Energy and Mines, Republic of Malawi, 2009, Mineral potential of Malawi, 8 p.,","http:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/downloads\/start.cfm?id=1239 (last visited February 18, 2009)","Ngwenya, B.T., 1994, Hydrothermal rare earth mineralisation in carbonatites of the Tundulu complex, Malawi: Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 9, p. 2061\u00962072.","Tiercelin, J.J., Chorowicz, J., Belloni, H., Richert, J.P., Mwanbene, J.T., and Walgenwitz, F., 1988, East African Rift System\u0097Offset, age and tectonic significance of the Tanganyika-Rukwa-Malawi intracontinental transcurrent fault zone: Tectonophysics, v. 148, p. 241\u0096252","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=37

id: 38
rec_id: 38
depname: Bou Naga
deptype: 10
depage: 678±8 U-Pb zircon from syenite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/38","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-13.316666666667,18.983333333333]},"properties":{"country":"Mauritania","cntrycd":"MRTA","depname":"Bou Naga","latitude":"18.9833333333333","latdeg":18,"latmin":59,"longitude":"-13.3166666666667","londeg":-13,"lonmin":-19,"startdate":"1968","mintype":"beforsite?","oreton":"0.1","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"4.4","p2o5":"0","grades":"Jackson and Christiansen (1993)","depage":"678\u00b18 U-Pb zircon from syenite","agemy":"680","tectset":"West-African craton window in Mauritania fold belt","rocks":"alkaline granite, carbonatite (?), syenite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Neoarchean, 2709\u00b1136 Ma)","orebody_fm":"carbonatite (?)-alkaline ring complex 113 sq. km","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d","comments":"Production 1968\u00961970.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"carbonate"}],"reference":["Blanc, A., Bernard-Griffiths, J., Caby, R., Caruba, C., Caruba, R., Dars, R., Fourcade, S., and Peucat, J.J., 1992, U-Pb dating and isotopic signature of the alkaline ring complexes of Bou Naga (Mauritania)\u0097Its bearing on Late Proterozoic plate tectonics around the West African craton: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 301\u0096311.","British Geological Survey, 2005, Mapping Mauritanian\u0092s desert, 2 p.,","http:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/downloads\/start.cfm?id=446 (last visited February 19, 2009)","Jackson, W.D., and Christiansen, G., 1993, International strategic inventory summary report-\u0096rare-earth oxides: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930-N, 68 p.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Secretariat of ACP (African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States), 2009, Mining Data Bank, Bou Naga, 4 p., http:\/\/mines.acp.int\/html\/mine_MRT-00062_en.html (last visited February 19, 2009)"]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=38

id: 39
rec_id: 39
depname: Lugiingol
deptype: 10
depage: 244±22.4 Rb-Sr isochron, whole rock
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/39","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[108.56333333333,42.954166666667]},"properties":{"country":"Mongolia","cntrycd":"MNGL","depname":"Lugiingol","altname":"Lugin Gol","latitude":"42.9541666666667","latdeg":42,"latmin":57,"latsec":15,"longitude":"108.563333333333","londeg":108,"lonmin":33,"lonsec":48,"discdate":"1971","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"0.72","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"3.2","p2o5":"0","grades":"ESCAP (1999)","depage":"244\u00b122.4 Rb-Sr isochron, whole rock","agemy":"244","tectset":"Gobi\u0096Tien Shan rift, Late Paleozoic\u0096Early Mesozoic alkaline magmatic belt","rocks":"alkali granite porphyry (post-mineral dike), carbonatite, ijolite, nepheline syenite","rocksmap":"sandstone, shale, siltstone (Paleozoic)","orebody_fm":"dike zones in circle alkaline complex","ore_a":"2.3","ore_area":"1.5","ore_b":"0.8","alttype":"fenitization, hornfels, skarn","altwidth":"0","comments":"Circle alkaline complex (9.3 sq. km) with 20 carbonatite dike zones (>1000 m long, >1 m thick) containing separated mineralized pods.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"}],"reference":["ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific), 1999, Geology and mineral resources of Mongolia: Atlas of Mineral Resources of the Asia-Pacific Region, ESCAP, United Nations, v. 14, 192 p.","Kovalenko,V.I., and Yarmolyuk, V.V., 1995, Endogenous rare metal formations and rare metal metallogeny of Mongolia: Economic Geology, v. 90, p. 520\u0096529.","Munkhtsengel, B., and Iizumi, S., 2005, Petrology and geochemistry of the Lugiin Gol, in Seltman, R., Gerel, O., and Kirwin, D., eds., Geodynamics and metallogeny of Mongolia with a special emphasis on copper and gold deposits:London, CERCAMS, IAGOD Guidebook Series 11, p. 203\u0096214.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Samoilov, V.S., and Kovalenko, V.I., 1983, Complexes of alkaline rocks and carbonatites in South Mongolia: Moscow, Nauka, Transactions of Joint Soviet-Mongolian Scientific Geological Expedition, v. 35, 195 p. (in Russian)."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=39

id: 40
rec_id: 40
depname: Mushgai-Khudag
deptype: 10
depage: 139.9±5.9 Rb-Sr isochron, whole rock
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/40","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[104.05138888889,44.400833333333]},"properties":{"country":"Mongolia","cntrycd":"MNGL","depname":"Mushgai-Khudag","altname":"Mushugay-Khuduk","latitude":"44.4008333333333","latdeg":44,"latmin":24,"latsec":3,"longitude":"104.051388888889","londeg":104,"lonmin":3,"lonsec":5,"discdate":"1974","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"367","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"1.6","p2o5":"0","grades":"Kamitani and Hirano (1990)","depage":"139.9\u00b15.9 Rb-Sr isochron, whole rock","agemy":"140","tectset":"Mongolian main lineament; Late Mesozoic central Gobi alkaline magmatic belt","rocks":"carbonatite, carbonatitic agglomerate, carbonatite eruptive breccia, carbonatitic tuff, nepheline syenite, melanephelinite, quartz syenite, trachyte","rocksmap":"conglomerate, dacite, granite, rhyolite, sandstone (Silurian\u0096Devonian)","orebody_fm":"lenses, veins and stockworks, eruptive breccia in paleovolcano (?80x200 m)","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d, apatite-magnetite","comments":"Different reserve and resource estimations: 6.1 Mt at 1.37% Re2O3 (Singer, 1998); 200 Mt at 1.5% Re2O3 (ESCAP, 1999). The deposit contains also 0.44 Mt at 0.88\u009614% P2O5, 0.22 Mt at 0.95% BaSO4, and 0.22 Mt at 0.9% Sr; resources of 1.2 Mt Fe (Nokleberg and others, 2003).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"celestite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorianite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"diopside"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"k-feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"}],"reference":["ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific), 1999, Geology and mineral resources of Mongolia: Atlas of Mineral Resources of the Asia-Pacific Region, ESCAP, United Nations, v. 14, 192 p.","Gerel, O., Munkhtsengel, B., Enkhtuvshin, H., and Iizumi, S., 2005, Mushgai-Khudag and Bayan Khoshuu volcanic-plutonic alkaline complexes with REE\u00b1Ta, Nb, Fe carbonatite mineralization, in Seltman, R., Gerel, O., and Kirwin, D., eds., Geodynamics and metallogeny of Mongolia with a special emphasis on copper and gold deposits: London, CERCAMS, IAGOD Guidebook Series 11, p. 215\u0096221.","Kamitani, M., and Hirano, H., 1990, Important carbonatite-alkaline\/alkaline complexes and related mineral resources in the world: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 41, no. 11, p. 631\u0096640.","Kovalenko,V.I., Samoylov, V.S., Vladykin, N.V., Goreglyad, A.V., and Makagon, L.D., 1977, Geochemical characteristics of a shallow carbonatite complex in the Gobi desert: Geochemistry International, v. 14, no. 5, p. 23\u009636.","Kovalenko,V.I., and Yarmolyuk, V.V., 1995, Endogenous rare metal formations and rare metal metallogeny of Mongolia: Economic Geology, v. 90, p. 520\u0096529.","Nokleberg, W.J., Bounaeva, T.M., Miller, R.J., Seminskiy Z.V., and Diggles, M.F., eds., 2003, Significant Metalliferous and Selected Non-Metalliferous Lode Deposits, and Selected Placer Districts of Northeast Asia, Database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-220,","http:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/of\/2003\/of03-220\/DATABASE\/lode_deposits.txt (last visited March 24, 2009)","Samoilov, V.S., and Kovalenko, V.I., 1983, Complexes of alkaline rocks and carbonatites in South Mongolia: Transactions of Joint Soviet-Mongolian Scientific Geological Expedition, Moscow, Nauka, v. 35, 195 p. (in Russian).","Samoilov, V.S., Kovalenko,V.I., Sengee, D., Ivanov, V.G., Smirnova, E.V., Konusova, V.V., Pakhomova, N.N., 1988, Geology, ore composition, and genesis of the one of rare-earth deposits in Mongolia: Geology of Ore Deposits, v. 30, no. 2, p. 62\u009674 (in Russian).","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=40

id: 41
rec_id: 41
depname: Eureka
deptype: 10
depage: 500±20 U-Pb, 440±51 Sm-Nd isochrone
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/41","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.263611111111,-22.055833333333]},"properties":{"country":"Namibia","cntrycd":"NAMB","stprov":"Damaraland","depname":"Eureka","latitude":"-22.0558333333333","latdeg":-22,"latmin":-3,"latsec":-21,"longitude":"15.2636111111111","londeg":15,"lonmin":15,"lonsec":49,"mintype":"beforsite","oreton":"0.03","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"6.3","p2o5":"0","grades":"McManus and Schneider (1994); Orris and Grauch (2002)","depage":"500\u00b120 U-Pb, 440\u00b151 Sm-Nd isochrone","agemy":"500","tectset":"Neoproterozic Damara orogenic belt","rocks":"carbonatite","rocksmap":"calc-silicate rocks, quartzite (Neoproterozoic)","orebody_fm":"dikes (?7 m thick)","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Potential resource of 1.9 Kt Re2O3 in 30 Kt ore to 20 m depth.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"garnet"}],"reference":["Burger, A.J., Von Knorring, O., and Clifford, T.N., 1965, Mineralogical and radiometric studies of monazite and sphene occurrences in the Namibia desert, South-West Africa: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 35, p. 519\u0096528.","Dunai, T., Stoessel, G.F.U., and Ziegler, U.R.F., 1989, A Sr isotope study of the Eureka carbonatite, Damaraland, Namibia: Communications of Geological Survey of Namibia, v. 5, p. 89\u009690.","McManus, M.N.C., and Schneider, G.I.S, 1994, Namibia: industrial minerals, in Mathers, S.J., and Notholt, A.J.G., eds., Industrial minerals in developing countries: British Geological Survey, AGID Report Series, no. 18, p. 111\u0096134.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1993, Update on carbonatites of South Africa and Namibia: South African Journal of Geology, v. 96, no. 3, p. 75\u009695.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p.","Ziegler, U.R.F., and Dunai, T.J., 1991, A Nd-Sr isotope study of the Eureka carbonatite, Damaraland, Namibia [abs.]: Terra Abstracts, v. 3, no. 1, p. 14."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=41

id: 42
rec_id: 42
depname: Kalkfeld
deptype: 10
depage: 172.8–153.6 K-Ar, biotite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/42","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[16.1325,-20.819444444444]},"properties":{"country":"Namibia","cntrycd":"NAMB","stprov":"Damaraland","depname":"Kalkfeld","latitude":"-20.8194444444444","latdeg":-20,"latmin":-49,"latsec":-10,"longitude":"16.1325","londeg":16,"lonmin":7,"lonsec":57,"startdate":"1963","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","depage":"172.8\u0096153.6 K-Ar, biotite","agemy":"163","tectset":"Neoproterozic Damara orogenic belt; Late Mesozoic alkaline magmatic province probably related to opening of South Atlantic and to Tristan da Cunha plume","rocks":"carbonatite, hematitic iron ore, fenite, foyaite, syenite","rocksmap":"granite, marble, quartzite (Neoproterozoic)","orebody_fm":"plug in alkaline complex 4x8 km","ore_a":"2","ore_area":"2.4","ore_b":"1.5","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"10","comments":"0.5% ThO2 in hematitic iron ore; ?6.7% P2O5, 1.82% SrO in carbonatite. Iron ore was mined as a flux for the Tsumeb Cu-Pb plant.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"burbankite"},{"role":"ore","name":"carbocernaite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcocite"},{"role":"ore","name":"eudialyte"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"albite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"chlorite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"}],"reference":["B\u00fchn, B., 2008, The role of volatile phase for REE and Y fractionation in low-silica carbonate magmas\u0097Implications from natural carbonatites, Namibia: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 92, p. 453\u0096470.","B\u00fchn, B., and Rankin, A.H., 1999, Composition of natural, volatile-rich Na-Ca-REE-Sr carbonatitic fluids trapped in fluid inclusions: Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 3781\u00963797.","Comin-Chiaramonti, P., de Barros Gomes, C., Cundari, A., Castorina, F., and Censi, P., 2007, A review of carbonatite magmatism in the Paran\u00e1-Angola-Namibia (PAN) system: Periodico di Mineralogia, v. 76, no. 2-3, p. 25\u009678.","McManus, M.N.C., and Schneider, G.I.S, 1994, Namibia\u0097Industrial minerals, in Mathers, S.J., and Notholt, A.J.G., eds., Industrial minerals in developing countries: British Geological Survey, AGID Report Series, no. 18, p. 111\u0096134.","Prins, P., 1981, The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, south west Africa: Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1 (Geologie), v. 3, p. 145\u0096278.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1967, The carbonatites of South Africa and South West Africa: Geological Survey of Republic of South Africa Handbook 6, 452 p.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1993, Update on carbonatites of South Africa and Namibia: South African Journal of Geology, v. 96, no. 3, p. 75\u009695.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=42

id: 43
rec_id: 43
depname: Ondurukurume
deptype: 10
depage: 129?
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/43","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[16.254444444444,-20.769722222222]},"properties":{"country":"Namibia","cntrycd":"NAMB","stprov":"Damaraland","depname":"Ondurukurume","latitude":"-20.7697222222222","latdeg":-20,"latmin":-46,"latsec":-11,"longitude":"16.2544444444444","londeg":16,"lonmin":15,"lonsec":16,"mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"8","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.3","ree":"3","p2o5":"7","grades":"Verwoerd (1967, 1986)","depage":"129?","agemy":"129","tectset":"Neoproterozic Damara orogenic belt; Late Mesozoic alkaline magmatic province probably related to opening of South Atlantic and to Tristan da Cunha plume","rocks":"carbonatite, nepheline syenite, syenite, volcanic breccia","rocksmap":"granite, marble, quartzite, graywacke, schist (Neoproterozoic)","orebody_fm":"circular plug, dikes","ore_a":"2","ore_area":"2.4","ore_b":"1.5","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0.3","dep5km":"10","comments":"0.06\u00960.47% ThO2, 2.5% SrCO3, 0.02 kg\/t U3O8 in ore.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"ancylite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"carbocernaite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cerianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"psilomelane"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"chlorite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["B\u00fchn, B., 2008, The role of volatile phase for REE and Y fractionation in low-silica carbonate magmas\u0097Implications from natural carbonatites, Namibia: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 92, p. 453\u0096470.","Comin-Chiaramonti, P., de Barros Gomes, C., Cundari, A., Castorina, F., and Censi, P., 2007, A review of carbonatite magmatism in the Paran\u00e1-Angola-Namibia (PAN) system: Periodico di Mineralogia, v. 76, no. 2-3, p. 25\u009678.","McManus, M.N.C., and Schneider, G.I.S, 1994, Namibia\u0097Industrial minerals, in Mathers, S.J., and Notholt, A.J.G., eds., Industrial minerals in developing countries: British Geological Survey, AGID Report Series, no. 18, p. 111\u0096134.","Prins, P., 1981, The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, south west Africa: Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1 (Geologie), v. 3, p. 145\u0096278.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1986, Mineral deposits associated with carbonatites and alkaline rocks, in Anhaeusser, C.R., and Maske, S., eds., Mineral deposits of Southern Africa: Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, v. 2, p. 2173\u00962191.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1967, The carbonatites of South Africa and South West Africa: Geological Survey of Republic of South Africa Handbook 6, 452 p.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1993, Update on carbonatites of South Africa and Namibia: South African Journal of Geology, v. 96, no. 3, p. 75\u009695.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=43

id: 44
rec_id: 44
depname: Söve
deptype: 10
depage: 583±15 Ar-Ar, phlogopite; 583 paleo-magnetic.
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/44","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[9.2694444444444,59.280833333333]},"properties":{"country":"Norway","cntrycd":"NRWY","stprov":"Telemark","depname":"S\u00f6ve","altname":"Fen complex","latitude":"59.2808333333333","latdeg":59,"latmin":16,"latsec":51,"longitude":"9.26944444444444","londeg":9,"lonmin":16,"lonsec":10,"discdate":"early 1900s","mintype":"rauhaugite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"55.3","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.23","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"Singer (1998)","depage":"583\u00b115 Ar-Ar, phlogopite; 583 paleo-magnetic.","agemy":"583","tectset":"Neoproterozoic extension zone probably related to Iapetus ocean spreading dividing Baltica and Laurentia","rocks":"carbonatite, ijolite, melteigite, nepheline syenite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Proterozoic)","orebody_fm":"dike swarm at NW flank of Fen alkaline complex 3.5x2.7 km","ore_a":"1.6","ore_area":"0.6","ore_b":"0.5","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fersmite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fergusonite-(y)"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hibonite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"isokite"},{"role":"ore","name":"kobeite-(y)"},{"role":"ore","name":"loparite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perrierite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrolusite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"thortveitite"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"villiaumite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"brucite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"corundum"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"garnet"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"spinel"}],"reference":["Andersen, T., 1986, Magmatic fluids in the Fen carbonatite complex, S.E. Norway: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 93, p. 491\u0096503.","Andersen, T., 1989, Carbonatite-related contact metasomatism in the Fen complex, Norway\u0097Effects and petrogenetic implications: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 53, p. 395\u0096414.","Andersen, T., and Taylor, P., 1988, Pb isotope geochemistry of the Fen carbonatite complex, S.E. Norway\u0097Age and petrogenetic implications: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, p. 209\u0096215.","Kresten, P., and Morogan, V., 1986, Fenitization at the Fen complex, southern Norway: Lithos, v. 19, p. 27\u009642.","Meert, J.G., Torsvik, T.H., Eide, E.E., and Dahlgren, S., 1998, Tectonic significance of the Fen province, S. Norway\u0097Constraints from geochronology and paleomagnetism: Journal of Geology, v. 106, p. 553\u0096564.","Mindat.org, 2009, Fen complex, Nome, Telemark, Norway, 2 p., http:\/\/www.mindat.org\/loc-14357.html (last visited March 20, 2009)","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=44

id: 45
rec_id: 45
depname: Chuktukonskoye
deptype: 10
depage: 260±10 K-Ar, phlogopite, 200 Pb-Pb, zircon
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/45","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[99.2875,59.485277777778]},"properties":{"country":"Russia","cntrycd":"RUSA","stprov":"Krasnoyarsk","depname":"Chuktukonskoye","altname":"Chadobetskoye","latitude":"59.4852777777778","latdeg":59,"latmin":29,"latsec":7,"longitude":"99.2875","londeg":99,"lonmin":17,"lonsec":15,"mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"455","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.62","ree":"3.78","p2o5":"17","grades":"Industrial Minerals (2006)","depage":"260\u00b110 K-Ar, phlogopite, 200 Pb-Pb, zircon","agemy":"230","tectset":"Siberian platform, southwestern margin; Chadobetski uplift containing alkaline ultramafic magmatic province","rocks":"breccia pipes, carbonatite, gabbro-dolerite, melteigite, montichellite, picrite, pyroxenite","rocksmap":"limestone, mudstone, sandstone, siltstone (Neoproterozoic\u0096Lower Cambrian)","orebody_fm":"dikes, sills, and stocks combined with bodies of alkaline ultramafic rocks","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d","comments":"Carbonatite stocks up to 1 sq. km, veins and dikes are over several meters in thickness over area >600 sq. km of the Chadobetski uplift. Oxidized cover 70 to >350 m thick.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite (francolite)"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cerianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"crandallite"},{"role":"ore","name":"florencite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"gorceixite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"psilomelane"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrolusite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"albite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"hydromica"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"}],"reference":["Industrial Minerals, 2006, Russian RE and zeolite deposit plans: Industrial Minerals, no. 469, p.14.","Kogarko, L.N., Kononova, V.A., Orlova, M.P., and Woolley, A.R., 1995, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 2\u0097Former USSR: London, Chapman & Hall, 226 p.","Lapin, A.V., 1993, Classification and assessment of residual carbonatite ore deposits: Geology of Ore Deposits (Geologiya Rudnykh Mestorozhdeni), v. 38, no. 2, p. 172\u0096185 (in Russian).","Lapin, A.V., Pyatenko, I.K., 1992, The Chadobetski complex of alkaline ultramafic rocks and carbonatites: new data on composition, structure and origin: Proceedings of Russian Academy of Sciences, Geological Series, no. 6, p. 88\u0096101 (in Russian).","Nokleberg, W.J., Bounaeva, T.M., Miller, R.J., Seminskiy Z.V., and Diggles, M.F., eds., 2003, Significant Metalliferous and Selected Non-Metalliferous Lode Deposits, and Selected Placer Districts of Northeast Asia, Database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-220,","http:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/of\/2003\/of03-220\/DATABASE\/lode_deposits.txt (last visited March 24, 2009)"]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=45

id: 46
rec_id: 46
depname: Khibiny
deptype: 10
depage: 366±47 Sm-Nd, carbonatite; 365±13 Rb-Sr isochron
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/46","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[34.238888888889,67.757777777778]},"properties":{"country":"Russia","cntrycd":"RUSA","stprov":"Murmansk, Kola peninsula","depname":"Khibiny","altname":"Khibina","latitude":"67.7577777777778","latdeg":67,"latmin":45,"latsec":28,"longitude":"34.2388888888889","londeg":34,"lonmin":14,"lonsec":20,"discdate":"1923","startdate":"1929 apatite","mintype":"Fe-carbonatite, s\u00f6vite","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","depage":"366\u00b147 Sm-Nd, carbonatite; 365\u00b113 Rb-Sr isochron","agemy":"366","tectset":"Devonian Kola peninsula rift system, NE Kontozero graben","rocks":"carbonatite, eruptive breccia, foyaite, ijolite, melteigite, nepheline syenite, phoscorite, urtite","rocksmap":"gneiss, granite (Archean), volcanic-sedimentary rocks (Proterozoic)","orebody_fm":"carbonatite stock, 0.5 sq. km, in eastern part of circular zonal alkaline complex","ore_area":"1327","alttype":"fenitization, carbonatization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"apatite alkaline","dep10km":"apatite alkaline","comments":"Resources of apatite ore 4,000 Mt at 15% P2O5 (Ilyin, 1989). The carbonatite stock, covered by quaternary sediments and water of the Umba lake, was traced to 1,700 m depth (Dudkin, 1991), containing ?9% RE2O3, 6.5% Sr, and 3% Ba (Kogarko and others, 1995).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"ancylite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"burbankite"},{"role":"ore","name":"carbocernaite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cebaite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cordylite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenorutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"kukharenkoite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"mackelveyite-(y)"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"nb-sphene"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphene"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"albite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"barytocalcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"cancrinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dawsonite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"edingtonite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"fe-rhodochrosite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"garnet"},{"role":"gangue","name":"mn-siderite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"natrolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"talc"},{"role":"gangue","name":"wollastonite"}],"reference":["Downes, H., Balaganskaya, E., Beard, E., Liferovich, R., Demaiffe, D., 2005, Petrogenetic processes in the ultramafic, alkaline and carbonatitic magmatism in the Kola alkaline province: a review: Lithos, v. 85, p. 48\u009675.","Dudkin, O.B., 1991, Carbonatite and the sequence of formation of the Khibiny pluton: International Geology Review, v. 33, no. 4, p. 375\u0096384.","Ilyin, A.V., 1989, Apatite deposits in the Khibiny and Kovdor alkaline igneous complexes, Kola peninsula, northwestern USSR, in Notholt, A.J.G., Sheldon, R.P., and Davidson, D.F., eds., Phosphate deposits of the world: Cambridge University Press, v. 2, p. 485\u0096493.","Kogarko, L.N., Kononova, V.A., Orlova, M.P., and Woolley, A.R., 1995, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 2\u0097Former USSR: London, Chapman & Hall, 226 p.","Sindern, S., Zaitsev, A.N., Dem\u00e9ny, A., Bell, K., Chakmouradian, A.R., Kramm, U., Moutte, J., and Rukhlov, A.S., 2004, Mineralogy and geochemistry of silicate dyke rocks associated with carbonatites from the Khibina complex (Kola, Russia)\u0097Isotope constraints on genesis and small-scale mantle sources: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 80, p. 215\u0096239.","Zaitsev, A.N., Wall, F., and Le Bas, M.J., 1998, REE-Sr-Ba minerals from the Khibina carbonatites, Kola peninsula, Russia\u0097Their mineralogy, paragenesis and evolution: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 62, no. 2, p. 225\u0096250.","Zaitsev, A.N., 1996, Rhomboedral carbonates from carbonatites of the Khibina massif, Kola peninsula, Russia: The Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, p. 453\u0096468."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=46

id: 47
rec_id: 47
depname: Kovdor
deptype: 10
depage: 382±3 – 377.6±0.7 U-Pb, baddeleyite, zircon
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/47","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[30.429444444444,67.560555555556]},"properties":{"country":"Russia","cntrycd":"RUSA","stprov":"Murmansk, Kola peninsula","depname":"Kovdor","latitude":"67.5605555555556","latdeg":67,"latmin":33,"latsec":38,"longitude":"30.4294444444444","londeg":30,"lonmin":25,"lonsec":46,"discdate":"1933","startdate":"1962","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"1255","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.18","ree":"0","p2o5":"6.6","grades":"Laznicka (2006); Exploration Finland (2009)","depage":"382\u00b13 \u0096 377.6\u00b10.7 U-Pb, baddeleyite, zircon","agemy":"380","tectset":"Devonian Kola peninsula rift system","rocks":"carbonatite, dunite, ijolite, melteigite, phoskorite, pyroxenite","rocksmap":"gneiss, granite gneiss (Archean)","orebody_fm":"irregular bodies and veins within apatite-magnetite ore field (0.5 sq. km) at western flank of concentric zoning alkaline ultramafic complex","ore_area":"40.5","alttype":"fenitization (ring)","altwidth":"1.5","dep5km":"apatite-magnetite","comments":"487 Mt reserve, 768 Mt production at 35% Fe, 6.6% P2O5, 0.3% Zr, Ta, Nb (0.16% Zr) (byproducts) (Laznicka, 2006; Exploration Finland, 2009); carbonatites are mined along with magnetite-apatite ores; phlogopite and vermiculite also in production.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"crandallite"},{"role":"ore","name":"gorceixite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goyazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"juonniite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"ore","name":"zirconolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"actinolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"diopside"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"forsterite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"garnet"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"tremolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"wollastonite"}],"reference":["Downes, H., Balaganskaya, E., Beard, E., Liferovich, R., Demaiffe, D., 2005, Petrogenetic processes in the ultramafic, alkaline and carbonatitic magmatism in the Kola alkaline province\u0097A review: Lithos, v. 85, p. 48\u009675.","Exploration Finland, 2009, Large mines in Fennoscandia, 1 table,","http:\/\/en.gtk.fi\/export\/sites\/default\/ExplorationFinland\/fodd\/largemines.pdf (last visited March 27, 2009)","Ilyin, A.V., 1989, Apatite deposits in the Khibiny and Kovdor alkaline igneous complexes, Kola peninsula, northwestern USSR, in Notholt, A.J.G., Sheldon, R.P., and Davidson, D.F., eds., Phosphate deposits of the world: Cambridge University Press, v. 2, p. 485\u0096493.","Kogarko, L.N., Kononova, V.A., Orlova, M.P., and Woolley, A.R., 1995, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 2\u0097Former USSR: London, Chapman & Hall, 226 p.","Laznicka, P., 2006, Giant metallic deposits: Springer, 732 p.","Krasnova, N.I., 2001, The Kovdor phlogopite deposit, Kola peninsula, Russia: The Canadian Mineralogist, v. 39, p. 33\u009644.","Lee, M.J., Lee, J.I., Hur, S.D., Kim, Y., Moutte, J., Balaganskaya E., 2006, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of the Kovdor phoscorite-carbonatite complex, Kola peninsula, NW Russia: Lithos, p. 250\u0096261.","Zaitsev, A., Bell, K., 1995, Sr and Nd isotope data of apatite, calcite, and dolomite as indicators of source and the relationship of phoscorites and carbonatites from the Kovdor massif, Kola peninsula, Russia: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 121, p. 339\u0096344.","Zatsev, A., and Polezhaeva, L., 1994, Dolomite-calcite textures in early carbonatites of the Kovdor ore deposit, Kola peninsula, Russia: their genesis and application for calcite-dolomite geothermometry: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 115, p. 324\u0096335."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=47

id: 48
rec_id: 48
depname: Tomtor
deptype: 10
depage: 660
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/48","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[116.57111111111,71.053611111111]},"properties":{"country":"Russia","cntrycd":"RUSA","stprov":"Sakha (Yakutia)","depname":"Tomtor","latitude":"71.0536111111111","latdeg":71,"latmin":3,"latsec":13,"longitude":"116.571111111111","londeg":116,"lonmin":34,"lonsec":16,"startdate":"2006 (?)","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"Approved resources are unavailable.","depage":"660","agemy":"660","tectset":"Neoproterozoic longitudinal Udgy paleorift between Anabar shield and Olenek uplift","rocks":"carbonatite, jacupirangite, nepheline syenite, picrite breccia, urtite","rocksmap":"dolomite, sandstone, siltstone (Neoproterozoic)","orebody_fm":"central stock, 31.4 sq. km in circular alkaline complex","ore_area":"300","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Resources approximately calculated on a base of data from Kogarko and others (1995), Kravchenko and others (1993, 1995), Lapin and Tolstov (1993): Upper oxidized zone (3\u009625 m thick, ~1.2 sq. km area, 2.24 g\/cubic cm specific gravity) 40 Mt at ?12% Nb2O5, 11\u009630% RE2O3. Lower oxidized zone (?300 m thick, ~150 m average, ~9 sq. km area, ~2.5 specific gravity) contains >3,000 Mt resources at 1\u00961.5% Nb2O5 and 4\u00966% RE2O3. Primary carbonatite contains 0.5\u00960.7% RE2O3 and lower content of niobium. Mined ore contains 9\u009612% RE2O3 (Naumov, 2008). Deposit is covered by Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments. Upper oxidized zone (formed at ~400 Ma) occurs under Permian clastic rocks in local paleodepressions above carbonatite stock. Hydrothermal overprint (400\u0096320 Ma) at 250\u0096200 \u00baC.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"crandallite"},{"role":"ore","name":"florencite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"gorceixite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goyazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenorutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"limonite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"rabdophane-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"r\u00f6ntgenite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"sr-pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"tin"},{"role":"ore","name":"xenotime-(y)"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ba-phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"chlorite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"clinopyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"forsterite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"garnet"},{"role":"gangue","name":"gypsum"},{"role":"gangue","name":"hydromica"},{"role":"gangue","name":"k-feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"kaolinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"leucite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"rhodochrosite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"svanbergite"}],"reference":["Kogarko, L.N., Kononova, V.A., Orlova, M.P., and Woolley, A.R., 1995, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 2\u0097Former USSR: London, Chapman & Hall, 226 p.","Kravchenko, S.M., Belyakov, A.Y., Kubyshev, A.I., and Tolstov, A.V., 1990, Scandium-rare earth-yttrium-niobium ores\u0097a new economic resource: International Geology Review, v. 32, no. 3, p. 280\u0096284.","Kravchenko, S.M., Belyakov, A.Y., and Pokrovskiy, B.G., 1993, Geochemistry and origin of the Tomtor massif in the north Siberian platform: Geochemistry International, v. 30, no. 3, p. 20\u009636.","Kravchenko, S.M., and Pokrovskiy, B.G., 1995, The Tomtor alkaline ultrabasic and related REE-Nb deposits, northern Siberia: Economic Geology, v. 90, p. 676\u0096689.","Lapin, A.V., and Tolstov, A.V., 1993, A new unique rare metals ore deposit in the carbonatitic crust weathering: Exploration and Protection of Mineral Resources (Razvedka i Okhrana Nedr), no. 3, p. 7\u009611 (in Russian).","Naumov, A.V., 2008, Review of the world market of rare-earth metals: Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals, v. 49, no. 1, p. 14\u009622."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=48

id: 49
rec_id: 49
depname: Glenover
deptype: 10
depage: 1000±200 Pb-Pb
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/49","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[27.162777777778,-23.868888888889]},"properties":{"country":"South Africa","cntrycd":"SAFR","stprov":"Limpopo","depname":"Glenover","latitude":"-23.8688888888889","latdeg":-23,"latmin":-52,"latsec":-8,"longitude":"27.1627777777778","londeg":27,"lonmin":9,"lonsec":46,"startdate":"1962","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"11.5","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.68","ree":"0","p2o5":"25","grades":"Verwoerd (1967, 1986)","depage":"1000\u00b1200 Pb-Pb","agemy":"1200","tectset":"Kaapvaal craton","rocks":"apatite-hematite breccia, carbonatite, pyroxenite","rocksmap":"quartzite (Archean)","orebody_fm":"central plug and circular dikes around it in oval pyroxenite-carbonatite complex 4.7 x 3.5 km","ore_a":"1","ore_area":"0.4","ore_b":"0.5","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bornite"},{"role":"ore","name":"celestite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chondrodite"},{"role":"ore","name":"columbite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"samarskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"garnet"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"zeolite"}],"reference":["Verwoerd, W.J., 1967, The carbonatites of South Africa and South West Africa: Geological Survey of Republic of South Africa Handbook 6, 452 p.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1986, Mineral deposits associated with carbonatites and alkaline rocks, in Anhaeusser, C.R., and Maske, S., eds., Mineral deposits of Southern Africa: Johannesburg, Geological Society of South Africa, v. 2, p. 2173\u00962191.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1993, Update on carbonatites of South Africa and Namibia: South African Journal of Geology, v. 96, no. 3, p. 75\u009695.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 3\u0097Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=49

id: 50
rec_id: 50
depname: Phalaborwa
deptype: 10
depage: 2047+11-8 U-Pb
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/50","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[31.124444444444,-23.979166666667]},"properties":{"country":"South Africa","cntrycd":"SAFR","stprov":"Limpopo","depname":"Phalaborwa","altname":"Palabora","latitude":"-23.9791666666667","latdeg":-23,"latmin":-58,"latsec":-45,"longitude":"31.1244444444444","londeg":31,"lonmin":7,"lonsec":28,"discdate":"1912","startdate":"1932, 1965","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"652","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"0.15","p2o5":"9","grades":"Singer (1998)","depage":"2047+11-8 U-Pb","agemy":"2047","tectset":"Kaapvaal craton","rocks":"carbonatite, phoscorite, micaceous pyroxenite, pyroxene-phlogopite-apatite pegmatoid","rocksmap":"granite gneiss (Archean), dolerite dike (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"oval vertical stock surrounded by circular sheets in phoscorite of central part of ultramafic intrusive complex, 6.5 x 2.7 km","ore_a":"6.5","ore_area":"13.8","ore_b":"2.7","alttype":"fenitization (along some contacts of the intrusive complex)","altwidth":"0","comments":"Three open-cast mines producing Cu, apatite, and vermiculite. Byproducts of Cu mining: Zr oxide, U oxide, magnetite, Ni sulfate, Au, Ag, Pt, Pd. Apatite concentrates contain 0.4\u00960.9% Re2O3, potential byproduct Re2O3 recovery. According to data collected by Briggs (2006) from reports of Newmont Mining Corporation (1966\u00961987), Palabora Mining Company Ltd. (1982\u00962004), Rio Tinto PLC (1997\u00962004), and RTZ Corporation PLC (1989\u00961996), summary 1965\u00962004 production is 915.8 Mt ore at 0.54% Cu, 0.024% ZrO2, 4.53 g\/t U3O8, 0.575 g\/t Au, Ag, Pt, Pd extracted from slimes; and 54.3 Mt at 11.85% vermiculite. 2004 underground reserve of 201.3 Mt at 0.68% Cu. In flotation sulfide concentrate: 0.23 g\/t Pt, 0.4 g\/t Pd and 2.0 g\/t Au (Rudashevsky and others, 2001). Post-carbonatite dolerite dikes probably Paleoproterozoic 1880\u00b125 Ma.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"ag-pentlandite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"betekhtinite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bismuth"},{"role":"ore","name":"bornite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bravoite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cabriite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcocite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"co-pentlandite"},{"role":"ore","name":"copper"},{"role":"ore","name":"cubanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"electrum"},{"role":"ore","name":"froodite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"gold"},{"role":"ore","name":"hessite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"jalpaite"},{"role":"ore","name":"k\u00fcstelite"},{"role":"ore","name":"lead"},{"role":"ore","name":"mackinawite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"majakite"},{"role":"ore","name":"millerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"molybdenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"naummanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"parkerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pentlandite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"shadlunite"},{"role":"ore","name":"siegenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"silver"},{"role":"ore","name":"sperrylite"},{"role":"ore","name":"stromeyerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"talnakhite"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"u-thorianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"uraninite"},{"role":"ore","name":"valleriite"},{"role":"ore","name":"violarite"},{"role":"ore","name":"wittichenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"ore","name":"zirconolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"clinohumite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"hornblende"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"serpentine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Briggs, D.F., 2006, Mining operations report, version 2005. Unpublished.","Eriksson, S.C., 1989, Phalaborwa\u0097A saga of magmatism, metasomatism and miscibility, in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 221\u0096254.","Groves, D.I., and Vielreicher, N.M., 2001, The Phalaborwa (Palabora) carbonatite-hosted magnetite-copper sulfide deposit, South Africa\u0097An end-member of the iron-oxide copper-gold-rare earth element deposit?: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, p. 189\u0096194.","Harmer, R.E., 2000, Mineralisation of the Phalaborwa complex and the carbonatite connection in iron oxide Cu-Au-U-REE deposits, in Porter, T.M., ed., Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold and related deposits\u0097A global perspective: Adelaide, PGC Publishing, v. 1, p. 331\u0096340.","Jager de, D.H., 1989, Phosphate resources in the Palabora igneous complex, Transvaal, South Africa, in Notholt, A.J.G., Sheldon, R.P., and Davidson, D.F., eds., Phosphate deposits of the world: Cambridge University Press, v. 2, p.267\u0096272.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Palabora Mining Company, 1976, The geology and the economic deposits of copper, iron, and vermiculite in the Palabora igneous complex: Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 177\u0096192.","Rudashevsky, N.S., Kretser, Y.L., Bulakh, A.C., Krasnova, N.I., Rudashevsky, V.N., Karchevsky, P.I., 2001, Platinum-palladium and gold-silver mineralization in carbonatite ores of Loolekop deposit (Phalaborwa massif, South Africa): Transactions of All-Russian Mineralogical Society (Zapiski Vserossiiskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva), v. 130, no. 5, p. 21\u009635 (in Russian).","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1986, Mineral deposits associated with carbonatites and alkaline rocks, in Anhaeusser, C.R., and Maske, S., eds., Mineral deposits of Southern Africa: Johannesburg, Geological Society of South Africa, v. 2, p. 2173\u00962191.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1993, Update on carbonatites of South Africa and Namibia: South African Journal of Geology, v. 96, no. 3, p. 75\u009695.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world,Part 3\u0097Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=50

id: 51
rec_id: 51
depname: Sandkopfsdrif
deptype: 10
depage: 56–54
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/51","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[17.941944444444,-30.884166666667]},"properties":{"country":"South Africa","cntrycd":"SAFR","stprov":"Northern Cape","depname":"Sandkopfsdrif","altname":"Zandkops Drift","latitude":"-30.8841666666667","latdeg":-30,"latmin":-53,"latsec":-3,"longitude":"17.9419444444444","londeg":17,"lonmin":56,"lonsec":31,"mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"57","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.15","ree":"1","p2o5":"3.2","grades":"Singer (1998)","depage":"56\u009654","agemy":"55","tectset":"Proterozoic Namaqualand metamorphic complex of South African craton margin","rocks":"breccia, carbonatite, glimmerite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Proterozoic)","orebody_fm":"stock (pipe), dikes","ore_a":"1","ore_area":"0.8","ore_b":"1","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Mainly oxidized zone\u0097ferruginous and manganiferous gossans. An inference deposit age after Verwoerd (1993).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"churchite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goyazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"gorceixite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegirine-augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Moor, A.E., and Verwoerd, W.J., 1985, The olivine melilitite-\u0094kimberlite\u0094-carbonatite suite of Namaqualand and Bushmanland, South Africa: Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, v. 88, pt. 2, p. 281\u0096294.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1986, Mineral deposits associated with carbonatites and alkaline rocks, in Anhaeusser, C.R., and Maske, S., eds., Mineral deposits of Southern Africa: Johannesburg, Geological Society of South Africa, v. 2, p. 2173\u00962191.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1993, Update on carbonatites of South Africa and Namibia: South African Journal of Geology, v. 96, no. 3, p. 75\u009695.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world,Part 3\u0097Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=51

id: 52
rec_id: 52
depname: Panda Hill
deptype: 10
depage: 113±6 K-Ar, mica
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/52","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[33.248055555556,-9.0077777777778]},"properties":{"country":"Tanzania","cntrycd":"TNZN","depname":"Panda Hill","altname":"Mbeya","latitude":"-9.00777777777778","latdeg":-9,"latsec":-28,"longitude":"33.2480555555556","londeg":33,"lonmin":14,"lonsec":53,"discdate":"1950","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"480","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.33","ree":"0","p2o5":"3.4","grades":"Yager (2003), Mchihiyo (1991)","depage":"113\u00b16 K-Ar, mica","agemy":"116","tectset":"Mesozoic (post-Karroo) East-African rift","rocks":"agglomerate, carbonatite, fenite, phoscorite, tuff, volcanic breccia","rocksmap":"gneiss (Archean)","orebody_fm":"circular plug","ore_a":"1.7","ore_area":"2.3","ore_b":"1.7","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0.75","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"ree-carbonate"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"}],"reference":["Bell, K., and Tilton, G.R., 2001, Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic compositions of East African carbonatites\u0097Evidence for mantle mixing and plume inhomogeneity: Journal of Petrology, v. 42, no. 10, p. 1927\u00961945.","Fawley, A.P., and James, T.C., 1955, A pyrochlore (columbium) carbonatite, Southern Tanganyika: Economic Geology, v. 50, p. 571\u0096585.","Mchihiyo, E.P., 1991, Phosphate potential in Tanzania: Fertilizer Research, v. 30, p. 177\u0096180.","Van Straten, P., 1989, Nature and structural relationships of carbonatites from southwest and west Tanzania, in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 177\u0096199.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world,Part 3\u0097Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p.","Yager, T.R., 2003, The mineral industry of Tanzania: U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook\u00972003, p. 31.1\u009631.10"]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=52

id: 53
rec_id: 53
depname: Kizilcaören
deptype: 10
depage: 24.2±1.8 Ar-Ar, volcanics;|28 K-Ar ,carbonatite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/53","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[31.350833333333,39.619444444444]},"properties":{"country":"Turkey","cntrycd":"TRKY","depname":"Kizilca\u00f6ren","latitude":"39.6194444444444","latdeg":39,"latmin":37,"latsec":10,"longitude":"31.3508333333333","londeg":31,"lonmin":21,"lonsec":3,"discdate":"late 1950s","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"30","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"3.14","p2o5":"0","grades":"Yigit (2009)","depage":"24.2\u00b11.8 Ar-Ar, volcanics;|28 K-Ar ,carbonatite","agemy":"24","tectset":"Suggested latitudinal Cenozoic riftogenic graben system","rocks":"carbonatite, mineralized breccia, phonolite, trachyte, tuff","rocksmap":"basalt, serpentinite, sandstone, shale (Paleozoic\u0096Triassic)","orebody_fm":"dike","alttype":"silicification, argillization, hematitization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d","comments":"The open pit mineable reserve includes 37.44% CaF2 and 31.04% BaSO4, also 0.384 Mt at 0.212 ThO2 (Yigit, 2009). Some investigators (G\u00fcltekin and others, 2003; Yigit, 2009) ascribe epithermal-type to the deposit. Carbonatite dike outcrop 50x1,5 m. Ore veins and mineralized breccia bodies at 4x3 km area.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"braunite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"psilomelane"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrolusite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"diopside"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"}],"reference":["Delaloye, M., and \u00d6zgen\u00e7, I., 1983, Petrography and age determinations of the alkaline volcanic rocks and carbonatite of Kizilca\u00f6ren district, Beylikahir-Elki?ehir, Turkey: Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, v. 63, p. 289\u0096294.","G\u00fcltekin, A.H., \u00d6rg\u00fcn, Y., and Suner, F., 2003, Geology, mineralogy and fluid inclusion data of the Kizilca\u00f6ren fluorite-barite-REE deposit, Elkisehir, Turkey: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 365\u0096376.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Stumpfl, E.F., and Kirikoglu, M.S., 1986, Fluorite-barite-rare earth deposits at Kizilca\u00f6ren, Turkey: Mitteilungen der \u00d6sterrichische Geologische Gesellschaft, v. 78, p. 193\u0096200.","Yigit, O., 2009, Mineral deposits of Turkey in relation to Tethyan metallogeny\u0097Implications for future mineral exploration: Economic Geology, v. 104, p. 19\u009651."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=53

id: 54
rec_id: 54
depname: Sukulu
deptype: 10
depage: 26–24 K-Ar
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/54","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[34.158333333333,-0.625]},"properties":{"country":"Uganda","cntrycd":"UGND","depname":"Sukulu","latitude":"-0.625","latmin":-37,"latsec":-30,"longitude":"34.1583333333333","londeg":34,"lonmin":9,"lonsec":30,"startdate":"late 1960s","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite (alvikite)","oreton":"230.7","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.24","ree":"0","p2o5":"12.8","grades":"Karagambe-Kaliiza (1989)","depage":"26\u009624 K-Ar","agemy":"25","tectset":"Cenozoic (post-Karroo) East-African rift","rocks":"carbonatite, syenite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Archean)","orebody_fm":"ring dikes and cone sheets","ore_a":"4.2","ore_area":"11","ore_b":"3.3","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"10","comments":"Mining ceased in late 1970s. Resources contain 0.07% Zr, 0.3% Zn, and 5.8% BaO. Apatite of residual soil contains ?0.32% La2O3. Age of 40 Ma by Sr-Nd model (Bell and Tilton, 2001).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"gold"},{"role":"ore","name":"gorceixite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"limonite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Bell, K., and Tilton, G.R., 2001, Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic compositions of East African carbonatites\u0097Evidence for mantle mixing and plume inhomogeneity: Journal of Petrology, v. 42, no. 10, p. 1927\u00961945.","Karagambe-Kaliiza, F.A., 1989, The Sukulu phosphate deposits, south-eastern Uganda, in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 184\u0096186.","King, B.C., and Sutherland, D.S., 1966, the carbonatite complexes of eastern Uganda, in Tuttle, O.F., and Gittins, J., eds., Carbonatites: New York, Interscience Publishers, p. 73\u0096126.","Reedman, J.H., 1984, Resources of phosphate, niobium, iron, and other elements in residual soils over the Sukulu carbonatite complex, southeastern Uganda: Economic Geology, v. 79, p. 716\u0096724.","Ting, W., Rankin, A.H., and Woolley, A.R., 1994, Petrogenetic significance of solid carbonate inclusions in apatite of the Sukulu carbonatite, Uganda: Lithos, v. 31, p. 177\u0096178.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world \u0096 Part 3: Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=54

id: 55
rec_id: 55
depname: Magnet Cove
deptype: 10
depage: 97–95±5 K-Ar, biotite;|103±10 fission-track, apatite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/55","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-92.854444444444,34.435833333333]},"properties":{"country":"United States","cntrycd":"USAR","stprov":"Arkansas","depname":"Magnet Cove","latitude":"34.4358333333333","latdeg":34,"latmin":26,"latsec":9,"longitude":"-92.8544444444444","londeg":-92,"lonmin":-51,"lonsec":-16,"discdate":"1806","startdate":"1944","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"7.26","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.11","ree":"0","p2o5":"0","grades":"Erickson and Blade (1963)","depage":"97\u009695\u00b15 K-Ar, biotite;|103\u00b110 fission-track, apatite","agemy":"101","tectset":"North America Paleozoic midcontinent carbonate platform","rocks":"carbonatite, ijolite, jacupirangite, melteigite, metagabbro, nepheline syenite, phonolite, trachyte","rocksmap":"calc-silicate rocks, chert, conglomerate, limestone, sandstone, shale (Paleozoic)","orebody_fm":"oval alkaline complex 5 x 4.7 km containing carbonatite lenses","ore_a":"5","ore_area":"18.5","ore_b":"4.7","alttype":"fenitization (ring)","altwidth":"0.8","comments":"Past production mainly Ti and Fe, 0.04% Nb2O5 in ore (Kun, 1962). According to Erickson and Blade (1963), reserves contain 4\u00968% TiO2 and 0.05\u00960.15% Nb2O5 or 5.4 t Nb2O5 content.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"brookite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"eudialyte"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"kimzeyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"molybdenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"actinolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"garnet"},{"role":"gangue","name":"gypsum"},{"role":"gangue","name":"hercynite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"kaolinite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"montichellite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"smectite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vesuvianite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"wollastonite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"zeolite"}],"reference":["Erickson, R.L., and Blade, L.V., 1963, Geochemistry and petrology of the alkalic igneous complex at Magnet Cove, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 425, 94 p.","Flohr, M.J., 1994, Titanium, vanadium, and niobium mineralization and alkali metasomatism from the Magnet Cove complex, Arkansas: Economic Geology, v. 89, p. 105\u0096130.","Flohr, M.J., and Ross, M., 1990, Alkaline igneous rocks of Magnet Cove, Arkansas\u0097Mineralogy and geochemistry of syenites: Lithos, v. 26, p. 67\u009698.","Howard, J.M., and Chandler, A., 2007, Magnet Cove, a synopsis of its geology, lithology and mineralogy: AGES Brochure Series 004, 11 p., http:\/\/www.geology.arkansas.gov\/pdf\/pamphlets\/magnet_cove.pdf (last visited April 15, 2009)","Kun de, N., 1962, The economic geology of columbium (niobium) and of tantalum: Economic Geology, v. 57, p. 377\u0096404.","Nesbitt, B.E., and Kelly, W.C., 1977, Magmatic and hydrothermal inclusions in carbonatite of the Magnet Cove complex, Arkansas: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 63, p.272\u0096294.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 1\u0097North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=55

id: 56
rec_id: 56
depname: Mountain Pass
deptype: 10
depage: ~1,400
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/56","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-115.53222222222,35.478611111111]},"properties":{"country":"United States","cntrycd":"USCA","stprov":"California","depname":"Mountain Pass","latitude":"35.4786111111111","latdeg":35,"latmin":28,"latsec":43,"longitude":"-115.532222222222","londeg":-115,"lonmin":-31,"lonsec":-56,"discdate":"1949","startdate":"1952","mintype":"beforsite, Si-carbonatite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"90","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"5","p2o5":"0","grades":"Olson and others (1954); Parker (1965); Singer (1998)","depage":"~1,400","agemy":"1400","tectset":"Mojave Paleoproterozoic crystalline block (~1.8\u00961.6 Ga)","rocks":"carbonatite, shonkinite, syenite","rocksmap":"amphibolite, gneiss, granite (Paleoproterozoic)","orebody_fm":"alkali-carbonatite complex","ore_a":"14","ore_area":"58.3","ore_b":"5.3","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d","comments":"20\u009625% barite in ore. Molycorp (2008) started mining in 1952 at average 15% RE2O3 producing till middle 1990s, restarted in 2007. Reserve 1987 estimated 29 Mt at 8.9% RE2O3, at 5% RE2O3 cut-off, current reserves are > 20 Mt at similar grade (Castor, 2008).","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"allanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"azurite\/malachite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"celestite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"sahamalite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"tetrahedrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"wulfenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegirine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"augite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"chlorite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"crocidolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"epidote"},{"role":"gangue","name":"muscovite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"orthoclase"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"riebeckite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"talc"}],"reference":["http:\/\/www.molycorp.com\/operational_excellence\/rehistory.asp (last visited April 17, 2009)","Castor, S.B., 2008, Rare earth deposits of North America: Resource Geology, v. 58, no. 4, p. 337\u0096347.","Castor, S.B., 2008, The Mountain Pass rare earth carbonatite and associated ultrapotassic rocks, California: The Canadian Mineralogist, v. 46, p. 779\u0096806.","Castor, S.B., and Nason, G.W., 2004, Mountain Pass rare earth deposit, California, in Castor, S.B., Papke, K.G., and Meeuwig, R.O., eds., Betting on industrial minerals, Proceedings of the 39th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 33, p. 68\u009681.","Haxel, G.B., 2005, Ultrapotassic mafic dikes and rare earth element- and barium-rich carbonatite at Mountain Pass, Mojave Desert, southern California\u0097Summary and field trip localities: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1219, 56 p.","Molycorp Minerals, 2008, Molycorp over the years - rare earth operations, 2 p.,","Olson, J.C., Shawe, D.R., Pray, L.C., and Sharp, W.N., 1954, Rare-earth mineral deposits of the Mountain Pass district, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 261, 75 p.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Parker, J.G., 1965, Rare-earth elements\u0097Mineral and Facts, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 630, p. 753\u0096768.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 1\u0097North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=56

id: 57
rec_id: 57
depname: Iron Hill
deptype: 10
depage: 570
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/57","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-106.70861111111,38.234722222222]},"properties":{"country":"United States","cntrycd":"USCO","stprov":"Colorado","depname":"Iron Hill","altname":"Powderhorn","latitude":"38.2347222222222","latdeg":38,"latmin":14,"latsec":5,"longitude":"-106.708611111111","londeg":-106,"lonmin":-42,"lonsec":-31,"discdate":"1880s","mintype":"beforsite","oreton":"655.6","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.057","ree":"0.397","p2o5":"0","grades":"Staatz and others (1979); Jackson and Christiansen (1993)","depage":"570","agemy":"570","tectset":"Plateau Colorado\u0097separated part of North-American platform","rocks":"carbonatite, ijolite, nepheline syenite, pyroxenite, uncompahgrite, diabase dike","rocksmap":"gneiss, granite, metamorphic rocks (Paleoproterozoic)","orebody_fm":"carbonatite stock included in pear-shaped magmatic complex, 31 sq. km","ore_a":"3.5","ore_area":"4.1","ore_b":"1.5","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"Ti in ultramafic rocks","comments":"0.0043% ThO2 in ore (Staatz and others,1979). 1958 reserve of 36.3 Mt at 0.25% Nb2O5 was substantionally increased by underground work and additional drilling (Temple and Grogan,1965). Perovskite-rich pyroxenite mineable reserves 1994, by Teck Resources, 44.6 Mt at 13.2 % TiO2; possible resource 1.6 billion tonnes at 10.9% TiO2 (Van Gosen, 2009). Metamorphism of country rocks at ~1.7 Ga.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"leucoxene"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"perovskite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"rabdophane"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"diopside"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"na-amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Jackson, W.D., and Christiansen, G., 1993, International strategic inventory summary report-\u0096rare-earth oxides: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930-N, 68 p.","Olson, J.C., and Hedlund, D.C., 1981, Alkalic rocks and resources of thorium and associated elements in the powderhorn district, Gunnison county, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1049-C, 34 p.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Staatz, M.H., Armbrustmacher, T.J., Olson, J.C., Brownfield, I.K., Brock, M.R., Lemons, J.F., Jr., Coppa, L.V., and Clingan, B.V., 1979, Principal thorium resources in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 805, 42 p.","Temple, A.K., and Grogan, R.M., 1965, Carbonatite and related alkalic rocks at Powderhorn, Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 60, p. 672\u0096692.","Van Gosen, B.S., and Lowers, H.A., 2009, Iron Hill (Powderhorn) carbonatite complex, Gunnison county, Colorado\u0097A potential source of several uncommon mineral resources: Mining Engineering, v. 59, no. 10, p. 56\u009662.","Van Gosen, B.S., 2009, The Iron Hill (Powderhorn) carbonatite complex, Gunnison county, Colorado\u0096a potential sourceof several uncommon mineral resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 28 p.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 1\u0097North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=57

id: 58
rec_id: 58
depname: Wet Mountains
deptype: 10
depage: 520
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/58","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-105.34694444444,38.261388888889]},"properties":{"country":"United States","cntrycd":"USCO","stprov":"Colorado","depname":"Wet Mountains","latitude":"38.2613888888889","latdeg":38,"latmin":15,"latsec":41,"longitude":"-105.346944444444","londeg":-105,"lonmin":-20,"lonsec":-49,"discdate":"1960s","mintype":"beforsite","oreton":"13.96","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.017","ree":"1.01","p2o5":"0","grades":"resources 1989 from Jackson and Christiansen (1993); Nb2O5 grade from Armbrustmacher (1979)","depage":"520","agemy":"520","tectset":"Plateau Colorado\u0097separated part of North-American platform","rocks":"alkaline mafic-ultramafic rocks, carbonatite, lamorophyre, nepheline syenite, syenite","rocksmap":"amphibolite, gneiss (Paleoproterozoic)","orebody_fm":"dike swarm with alkaline stocks, 25 x 10 km general area","alttype":"carbonatization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"anatase"},{"role":"ore","name":"ancylite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cerussite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chromite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"goethite"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphene"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"xenotime"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"amphibole"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"chlorite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"epidote"},{"role":"gangue","name":"k-feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"muscovite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"spinel"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Armbrustmacher, T.J., 1979, Replacement and primary magmatic carbonatites from the Wet Mountains Area, Custer and Fremont Counties, Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 74, p. 888\u0096901.","Armbrustmacher, T.J., 1984, Alkaline Rock Complexes in the Wet Mountains Area, Custer and Fremont Counties, Colorado: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1269, 33 p.","Jackson, W.D., and Christiansen, G., 1993, International strategic inventory summary report-\u0096rare-earth oxides: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930-N, 68 p.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 1\u0097North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=58

id: 59
rec_id: 59
depname: Bear Lodge
deptype: 10
depage: 50.5±1.2 – 48.8±1.7 – 38.3±0.6 K-Ar, sanidine
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/59","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-104.45166666667,44.478611111111]},"properties":{"country":"United States","cntrycd":"USWY","stprov":"Wyoming","depname":"Bear Lodge","altname":"Bear Lodge Mts.","latitude":"44.4786111111111","latdeg":44,"latmin":28,"latsec":43,"longitude":"-104.451666666667","londeg":-104,"lonmin":-27,"lonsec":-6,"discdate":"1949","mintype":"s\u00f6vite","oreton":"10.7","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"3.6","p2o5":"0","grades":"Rare Element Resources (2009) at 1% RE2O3 cutoff grade","depage":"50.5\u00b11.2 \u0096 48.8\u00b11.7 \u0096 38.3\u00b10.6 K-Ar, sanidine","agemy":"49","tectset":"North-American platform, Eocene Black Hills uplift, western end of westerly trended alkaline intrusive belt","rocks":"carbonatite, intrusive breccia, lamprophyre, nepheline syenite, phonolite, syenite, trachyte","rocksmap":"granite (Precambrian), limestone, mudstone, sandstone, shale (Paleozoic\u0096Mesozoic)","orebody_fm":"dike, vein, plug within alkaline intrusive complex 43 sq. km","alttype":"K-feldspar\u0096pyrite, fenitization","altwidth":"0","dep5km":"11d, 25a","comments":"Flanks and depth of estimated resources are open. Early resource evaluations: 76.2 Mt at 1.5% RE2O3 by Gersic and others (1990); 726 Mt at 1.306% RE2O3 and 0.034% ThO2 by Jackson and Christiansen (1993). Oxidized zone to >100 m depth, carbonatite ranges from hairline veinlets to dikes ?30m thick.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"ancylite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"brookite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fe-oxide"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"hematite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"mn-oxide"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"molybdenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"parisite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrolusite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"rutile"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphalerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"sphene"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"thorianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"uraninite"},{"role":"ore","name":"xenotime"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"gangue","name":"aegerine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"biotite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"k-feldspar"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"sanidine"}],"reference":["Bliss. J.D., ed., 1992, Developments in deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, 168 p.","Gersic, J., Peterson, E.K., Schreiner, R.A., 1990, Appraisal of selected mineral resources of the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming\u0097Executive summary: U.S. Bureau of Mines, MLA Series, no. 4-90, 29 p.","Noble, A.C., Clark, J.G., Ranta, D.E., 2009, Technical report on the mineral resources of the Bear Lodge rare-earth project: Rare Element Resources Ltd., 171 p.","Jackson, W.D., and Christiansen, G., 1993, International strategic inventory summary report-\u0096rare-earth oxides: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930-N, 68 p.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Rare Element Resources Ltd., 2009, Rare Element Reports More than 125% Increase in rare-earth mineral resource at Bear Lodge: 9.8 million-ton inferred mineral resource averaging 4.07% rare-earth oxides: News Release of March 23, 2009, 4 p.,","http:\/\/www.rareelementresources.com\/s\/NewsReleases.asp?ReportID=342327 (last visited June 5, 2009)","Staaz, M.H., 1983, Geology and description of thorium and rare-earth deposits in the southern Bear Lodge Mountains, northeastern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1049-D, 52 p.","Woolley, A.R., 1987, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 1\u0097North and South America: London, British Museum (Natural History), 216 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=59

id: 60
rec_id: 60
depname: Nkombwa Hill
deptype: 10
depage: 679±25 K-Ar, phlogopite
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/60","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[32.851666666667,-10.149444444444]},"properties":{"country":"Zambia","cntrycd":"ZMBA","depname":"Nkombwa Hill","altname":"Nkumbwa Hill","latitude":"-10.1494444444444","latdeg":-10,"latmin":-8,"latsec":-58,"longitude":"32.8516666666667","londeg":32,"lonmin":51,"lonsec":6,"discdate":"1954","mintype":"Fe-carbonatite, rauhaugite","oreton":"130","deptype":10,"niobium":"0.1","ree":"0.3","p2o5":"7.3","grades":"Sliwa (1991), Rocks for Crops (2001); RE2O3 grade calculated from these sources","depage":"679\u00b125 K-Ar, phlogopite","agemy":"680","tectset":"Pan-African tectonic belt; NE fault system","rocks":"carbonatite, fenite","rocksmap":"gneiss (Proterozoic)","orebody_fm":"oval plug, dikes","ore_a":"1.7","ore_area":"1.2","ore_b":"0.9","alttype":"fenitization","altwidth":"0","comments":"Calcite carbonatite (s\u00f6vite) is not present, silica-iron oxide rocks are widespread.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"barite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bastnaesite"},{"role":"ore","name":"daqingshanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"fluorite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"isokite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite-(ce)"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrochlore"},{"role":"ore","name":"sellaite"},{"role":"ore","name":"strontianite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"ankerite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"magnesite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"quartz"},{"role":"gangue","name":"siderite"}],"reference":["Appleton, J.D., Bland, D.J., and others, 1992, The occurrence daqingshanite-(Ce) in the Nkombwa Hill carbonatite, Zambia: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 56, p. 419\u0096422.","Bailey, D.K., 1966, Carbonatite volcanoes and shallow intrusions in Zambia, in Tuttle, O.F., and Gittins, J., eds., Carbonatites: New York, Interscience Publishers, p. 127\u0096154.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Rocks for Crops, 2001, Zambia, p. 311\u0096322: http:\/\/www.uoguelph.ca\/~geology\/rocks_for_crops\/55zambia.PDF","Sliwa, A.S., 1991, Phosphate resources of Zambia and progress in their exploration: Fertilizer Research, v. 30, p. 203\u0096212.","Turner, D.C., Andersen, L.S., Punukollu, S.N., Sliwa, A., and Tembo, F., 1989, Igneous phosphate resources in Zambia, in Notholt, A.J.G., Sheldon, R.P., and Davidson, D.F., eds., Phosphate deposits of the world: Cambridge University Press, v. 2, p. 247\u0096257.","Witika, L.K., 2007, The Nkombwa Hill carbonatite of Isoka district, as a potential source of phosphate minerals, agricultural lime and rare minerals, 6 p.,","http:\/\/www.unza.zm\/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid= 127 (last visited May 18, 2009)","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 3\u0097Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p.","Zambezi, P., Voncken, J.H.L., Hale, M., and Touret, J.L.R., 1997, Bastn\u00e4site-(Ce) at the Nkombwa Hill carbonatite complex, Isoka district, northeast Zambia: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 59, p. 239\u0096250."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=60