ID: 50
rec_id: 50
depname: Phalaborwa
deptype: 10
depage: 2047+11-8 U-Pb
json: {"id":"http:\/\/mrdata.usgs.gov\/carbonatite\/record\/50","type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[31.124444444444,-23.979166666667]},"properties":{"country":"South Africa","cntrycd":"SAFR","stprov":"Limpopo","depname":"Phalaborwa","altname":"Palabora","latitude":"-23.9791666666667","latdeg":-23,"latmin":-58,"latsec":-45,"longitude":"31.1244444444444","londeg":31,"lonmin":7,"lonsec":28,"discdate":"1912","startdate":"1932, 1965","mintype":"beforsite, s\u00f6vite","oreton":"652","deptype":10,"niobium":"0","ree":"0.15","p2o5":"9","grades":"Singer (1998)","depage":"2047+11-8 U-Pb","agemy":"2047","tectset":"Kaapvaal craton","rocks":"carbonatite, phoscorite, micaceous pyroxenite, pyroxene-phlogopite-apatite pegmatoid","rocksmap":"granite gneiss (Archean), dolerite dike (Precambrian)","orebody_fm":"oval vertical stock surrounded by circular sheets in phoscorite of central part of ultramafic intrusive complex, 6.5 x 2.7 km","ore_a":"6.5","ore_area":"13.8","ore_b":"2.7","alttype":"fenitization (along some contacts of the intrusive complex)","altwidth":"0","comments":"Three open-cast mines producing Cu, apatite, and vermiculite. Byproducts of Cu mining: Zr oxide, U oxide, magnetite, Ni sulfate, Au, Ag, Pt, Pd. Apatite concentrates contain 0.4\u00960.9% Re2O3, potential byproduct Re2O3 recovery. According to data collected by Briggs (2006) from reports of Newmont Mining Corporation (1966\u00961987), Palabora Mining Company Ltd. (1982\u00962004), Rio Tinto PLC (1997\u00962004), and RTZ Corporation PLC (1989\u00961996), summary 1965\u00962004 production is 915.8 Mt ore at 0.54% Cu, 0.024% ZrO2, 4.53 g\/t U3O8, 0.575 g\/t Au, Ag, Pt, Pd extracted from slimes; and 54.3 Mt at 11.85% vermiculite. 2004 underground reserve of 201.3 Mt at 0.68% Cu. In flotation sulfide concentrate: 0.23 g\/t Pt, 0.4 g\/t Pd and 2.0 g\/t Au (Rudashevsky and others, 2001). Post-carbonatite dolerite dikes probably Paleoproterozoic 1880\u00b125 Ma.","mineral":[{"role":"ore","name":"ag-pentlandite"},{"role":"ore","name":"apatite"},{"role":"ore","name":"baddeleyite"},{"role":"ore","name":"betekhtinite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bismuth"},{"role":"ore","name":"bornite"},{"role":"ore","name":"bravoite"},{"role":"ore","name":"cabriite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcocite"},{"role":"ore","name":"chalcopyrite"},{"role":"ore","name":"co-pentlandite"},{"role":"ore","name":"copper"},{"role":"ore","name":"cubanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"electrum"},{"role":"ore","name":"froodite"},{"role":"ore","name":"galena"},{"role":"ore","name":"gold"},{"role":"ore","name":"hessite"},{"role":"ore","name":"ilmenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"jalpaite"},{"role":"ore","name":"k\u00fcstelite"},{"role":"ore","name":"lead"},{"role":"ore","name":"mackinawite"},{"role":"ore","name":"magnetite"},{"role":"ore","name":"majakite"},{"role":"ore","name":"millerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"molybdenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"monazite"},{"role":"ore","name":"naummanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"parkerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pentlandite"},{"role":"ore","name":"pyrrhotite"},{"role":"ore","name":"shadlunite"},{"role":"ore","name":"siegenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"silver"},{"role":"ore","name":"sperrylite"},{"role":"ore","name":"stromeyerite"},{"role":"ore","name":"synchysite"},{"role":"ore","name":"talnakhite"},{"role":"ore","name":"titanite"},{"role":"ore","name":"u-thorianite"},{"role":"ore","name":"uraninite"},{"role":"ore","name":"valleriite"},{"role":"ore","name":"violarite"},{"role":"ore","name":"wittichenite"},{"role":"ore","name":"zircon"},{"role":"ore","name":"zirconolite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"calcite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"clinohumite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"dolomite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"hornblende"},{"role":"gangue","name":"olivine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"phlogopite"},{"role":"gangue","name":"pyroxene"},{"role":"gangue","name":"serpentine"},{"role":"gangue","name":"vermiculite"}],"reference":["Briggs, D.F., 2006, Mining operations report, version 2005. Unpublished.","Eriksson, S.C., 1989, Phalaborwa\u0097A saga of magmatism, metasomatism and miscibility, in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 221\u0096254.","Groves, D.I., and Vielreicher, N.M., 2001, The Phalaborwa (Palabora) carbonatite-hosted magnetite-copper sulfide deposit, South Africa\u0097An end-member of the iron-oxide copper-gold-rare earth element deposit?: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, p. 189\u0096194.","Harmer, R.E., 2000, Mineralisation of the Phalaborwa complex and the carbonatite connection in iron oxide Cu-Au-U-REE deposits, in Porter, T.M., ed., Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold and related deposits\u0097A global perspective: Adelaide, PGC Publishing, v. 1, p. 331\u0096340.","Jager de, D.H., 1989, Phosphate resources in the Palabora igneous complex, Transvaal, South Africa, in Notholt, A.J.G., Sheldon, R.P., and Davidson, D.F., eds., Phosphate deposits of the world: Cambridge University Press, v. 2, p.267\u0096272.","Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-189, 174 p.","Palabora Mining Company, 1976, The geology and the economic deposits of copper, iron, and vermiculite in the Palabora igneous complex: Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 177\u0096192.","Rudashevsky, N.S., Kretser, Y.L., Bulakh, A.C., Krasnova, N.I., Rudashevsky, V.N., Karchevsky, P.I., 2001, Platinum-palladium and gold-silver mineralization in carbonatite ores of Loolekop deposit (Phalaborwa massif, South Africa): Transactions of All-Russian Mineralogical Society (Zapiski Vserossiiskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva), v. 130, no. 5, p. 21\u009635 (in Russian).","Singer, D.A., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 8 p.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1986, Mineral deposits associated with carbonatites and alkaline rocks, in Anhaeusser, C.R., and Maske, S., eds., Mineral deposits of Southern Africa: Johannesburg, Geological Society of South Africa, v. 2, p. 2173\u00962191.","Verwoerd, W.J., 1993, Update on carbonatites of South Africa and Namibia: South African Journal of Geology, v. 96, no. 3, p. 75\u009695.","Woolley, A.R., 2001, Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world,Part 3\u0097Africa: London, The Geological Society, 372 p."]}}
url: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/carbonatite/show-carbonatite.php?rec_id=50